Cellulose

Abstract

This article covers nomenclature, sources, preparation, uses, microcrystalline cellulose, structural chemistry, reactions, solvents, and liquid crystals. Cellulose for commercial purposes comes mostly from wood and cotton, whereas cellulose for research comes from bacteria, algae, and ramie (also a textile fiber). Preparation includes pulping and purification, with an alternative method of steam explosion. The pore structure of cellulose is mentioned, along with the buildup of cellulose molecules into entire fibers. Emphasis is given to cellulose crystal structure. Recent research has provided structures with much better resolution for two crystal forms. Most native cellulose is a mixture of two crystalline phases. Cellulose solutions are important to the rayon and cellophane industries, and new solvents are of interest because they may lessen pollution and might permit commercial production of stronger cellulosic materials through the formation of liquid crystals. Figures include the chemical and physical structures of the molecule, including in solution, X‐ray diffraction patterns, the structure of a microfibril, and the unit cell structures of cellulose I–IV.

Cellulose nanocrystals/poly(methyl methacrylate) nanocomposite films: Effect of preparation method and loading on the optical, thermal, mechanical, and gas barrier properties

“…The frequency range of Infrared spectra was 400-4000 cm 21 with 4.0 cm 21 resolution and an accumulation of four scans. 1 H NMR spectra of ICPM nanocomposites were recorded on a NMR spectrometer (Agilent-NMRvnmrs400) in chloroform-d using tetramethylsilane (TMS) as an internal reference. The molar masses of the grafted PMMA and homo-PMMA were determined by gel permeation chromatography (GPC, 1200 series, Agilent Technologies), which equipped with Refractive Index Detector, isocratic pump, PLgel GPC columns (5 lm MIXED-C, 300 3 7.5 mm) and thermostatted column compartment.…”

Interaction Effects between Cellulose and Water in Nanocrystalline and Amorphous Regions: A Novel Approach Using Molecular Modeling

“…Cellulose is a polymer of -D-glucose units linked together by (1 → 4) glycosidic bonds to form cellobiose residues that are the repeating units in the cellulose chain ( Figure 1) [1]. Several reviews have already been published reporting the state of knowledge of this fascinating polymer [2][3][4][5][6][7][8][9][10][11][12][13].…”

Lung biodurability and free radical production of cellulose nanomaterials

“…Cellulose nanomaterials possess high strength and directional rigidity, high surface area, high aspect ratio, low density and good thermal stability which make them ideal for use in advanced composites (Habibi et al, 2010; Lee et al, 2012; Ruiz et al, 2000), electronic storage devices (Hubbe et al, 2008), and as biocompatible and biodegradable scaffolds to direct tissue or bone growth (Future Markets Inc., 2012; Mathew et al, 2013; Sehaqui et al, 2011; Siqueira et al, 2013; Zoppe et al, 2009). CMC is used as a low-calorie substitute for fat and fillers in some foods and an excipient agent in pharmaceutical tablet drugs administered via ingestion (French et al, 2003). …”