Cellulose nanocrystals prepared from wheat bran: Characterization and cytotoxicity assessment

Biopolymers have been used as a replacement material for synthetic polymers in scaffold forming due to its biocompatibility and nontoxic properties. Production of scaffold for tissue repair is a major part of tissue engineering. Tissue engineering techniques for scaffold forming with cellulose-based material is at the forefront of present-day research. Micro- and nanocellulose-based materials are at the forefront of scientific development in the areas of biomedical engineering. Cellulose in scaffold forming has attracted a lot of attention because of its availability and toxicity properties. The discovery of nanocellulose has further improved the usability of cellulose as a reinforcement in biopolymers intended for scaffold fabrication. Its unique physical, chemical, mechanical, and biological properties offer some important advantages over synthetic polymer materials. This review presents a critical overview of micro- and nanoscale cellulose-based materials used for scaffold preparation. It also analyses the relationship between the method of fabrication and properties of the fabricated scaffold. The review concludes with future potential research on cellulose micro- and nano-based scaffolds. The review provides an up-to-date summary of the status and future prospective applications of micro- and nanocellulose-based scaffolds for tissue engineering.

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“…Cell viability slightly decreased with increasing in CNC concentration [183] 3.4. Classification of Micro/Nanocellulose-Based Scaffolds…”

Section: Significantly Induced Cytotoxicitymentioning

confidence: 89%

A Review on Micro- to Nanocellulose Biopolymer Scaffold Forming for Tissue Engineering Applications

et al. 2020

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“…Finally, NC was obtained by sulfuric acid hydrolysis of the extracted cellulose to eliminate the amorphous regions of the polysaccharide. It is well known that NC is widely utilized as a reinforcement agent in polymer matrices for its peculiar properties such as a high crystallinity and aspect ratio, large specific surface area, as well as abundance of surface hydroxyl groups able to form hydrogen bonds [27]. Therefore, the aim of the present study was to investigate the possibility to exploit egagropili, until now considered by the local authorities as an undesired waste to be disposed, as a renewable resource to produce reinforced protein-based bioplastics, mainly thanks to their cellulose content.…”

Section: Egagropili As Potential Source Of Lignin and Nanocrystallinementioning

confidence: 99%

Valorisation of Posidonia oceanica Sea Balls (Egagropili) as a Potential Source of Reinforcement Agents in Protein-Based Biocomposites

et al. 2020

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Nanocrystalline cellulose (NC) and a lignin-containing fraction (LF) were obtained from egagropili, the so called sea balls produced from rhizome and stem fragments of Posidonia oceanica that accumulate in large amounts along the coastal beaches in the form of tightly packed and dry materials of various dimensions. Both egagropili fractions have been shown to be able to improve the physicochemical properties of biodegradable films prepared from protein concentrates derived from hemp oilseed cakes. These materials, manufactured with a biodegradable industrial by-product and grafted with equally biodegradable waste-derived additives, exhibited an acceptable resistance with a still high flexibility, as well as they showed an effective barrier activity against water vapor and gases (O2 and CO2). Furthermore, both NC and LF decreased film moisture content, swelling ability and solubility, thus indicating that both additives were able to improve water resistance of the hydrocolloid films. The exploitation of egagropili, actually considered only an undesirable waste to be disposed, as a renewable source of reinforcing agents to blend with different kinds of polymers is suggested.

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“…Lin et al [45] investigated the production of CNCs from bleached hardwood pulp using 46 and 63 wt% sulfuric acid hydrolysis, where the products showed a significant difference in size. Xiao et al [53] reported the effects of processing times (30, 60, and 90 min) toward the characteristics of CNCs, where the increasing hydrolysis time caused the size reduction of CNCs.…”

Section: Cellulose Nanocrystals (Cncs) 41 Synthesis Methods and Characteristics Of Cncsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In terms of toxicity, the size, shape, surface area, and degradation or destruction products of nanoparticles are potential aspects in the toxicity behavior [47,49]. Several studies of CNCs cytotoxicity were carried out using Caco-2 cells (human colon epithelial cells) [47,53], A549 cells (human lung epithelial cells) [49], and 7F2 cells (normal mouse bone marrow osteoblast cells) [72]. In the assessment using Caco-2 cells, Coelho et al [47] and Xiao et al [53] reported the same high viabilities of Caco-2 cells treated with CNCs in the culture medium, where it indicated the low cytotoxicity of CNCs and its safety in drug delivery application.…”

Section: Cncs Application For Drug Delivery Systemmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Several studies of CNCs cytotoxicity were carried out using Caco-2 cells (human colon epithelial cells) [47,53], A549 cells (human lung epithelial cells) [49], and 7F2 cells (normal mouse bone marrow osteoblast cells) [72]. In the assessment using Caco-2 cells, Coelho et al [47] and Xiao et al [53] reported the same high viabilities of Caco-2 cells treated with CNCs in the culture medium, where it indicated the low cytotoxicity of CNCs and its safety in drug delivery application. Based on the cytotoxicity assay, the maximum concentration of CNCs can be treated to Caco-2 cells was 2 mg/mL with cell viability of 93.11%, where the viability of Caco-2 cells treated with higher concentrations decreased significantly [53].…”

Section: Cncs Application For Drug Delivery Systemmentioning

confidence: 99%

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A Review of Lignocellulosic-Derived Nanoparticles for Drug Delivery Applications: Lignin Nanoparticles, Xylan Nanoparticles, and Cellulose Nanocrystals

2021

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Due to their biocompatibility, biodegradability, and non-toxicity, lignocellulosic-derived nanoparticles are very potential materials for drug carriers in drug delivery applications. There are three main lignocellulosic-derived nanoparticles discussed in this review. First, lignin nanoparticles (LNPs) are an amphiphilic nanoparticle which has versatile interactions toward hydrophilic or hydrophobic drugs. The synthesis methods of LNPs play an important role in this amphiphilic characteristic. Second, xylan nanoparticles (XNPs) are a hemicellulose-derived nanoparticle, where additional pretreatment is needed to obtain a high purity xylan before the synthesis of XNPs. This process is quite long and challenging, but XNPs have a lot of potential as a drug carrier due to their stronger interactions with various drugs. Third, cellulose nanocrystals (CNCs) are a widely exploited nanoparticle, especially in drug delivery applications. CNCs have low cytotoxicity, therefore they are suitable for use as a drug carrier. The research possibilities for these three nanoparticles are still wide and there is potential in drug delivery applications, especially for enhancing their characteristics with further surface modifications adjusted to the drugs.

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Cellulose nanocrystals prepared from wheat bran: Characterization and cytotoxicity assessment

Cited by 109 publications

References 31 publications

A Review on Micro- to Nanocellulose Biopolymer Scaffold Forming for Tissue Engineering Applications

A Review on Micro- to Nanocellulose Biopolymer Scaffold Forming for Tissue Engineering Applications

Valorisation of Posidonia oceanica Sea Balls (Egagropili) as a Potential Source of Reinforcement Agents in Protein-Based Biocomposites

A Review of Lignocellulosic-Derived Nanoparticles for Drug Delivery Applications: Lignin Nanoparticles, Xylan Nanoparticles, and Cellulose Nanocrystals

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