A Review on Micro- to Nanocellulose Biopolymer Scaffold Forming for Tissue Engineering Applications

Abstract

Biopolymers have been used as a replacement material for synthetic polymers in scaffold forming due to its biocompatibility and nontoxic properties. Production of scaffold for tissue repair is a major part of tissue engineering. Tissue engineering techniques for scaffold forming with cellulose-based material is at the forefront of present-day research. Micro- and nanocellulose-based materials are at the forefront of scientific development in the areas of biomedical engineering. Cellulose in scaffold forming has attracted a lot of attention because of its availability and toxicity properties. The discovery of nanocellulose has further improved the usability of cellulose as a reinforcement in biopolymers intended for scaffold fabrication. Its unique physical, chemical, mechanical, and biological properties offer some important advantages over synthetic polymer materials. This review presents a critical overview of micro- and nanoscale cellulose-based materials used for scaffold preparation. It also analyses the relationship between the method of fabrication and properties of the fabricated scaffold. The review concludes with future potential research on cellulose micro- and nano-based scaffolds. The review provides an up-to-date summary of the status and future prospective applications of micro- and nanocellulose-based scaffolds for tissue engineering.

Valorization of Gleditsia triacanthos Invasive Plant Cellulose Microfibers and Phenolic Compounds for Obtaining Multi-Functional Wound Dressings with Antimicrobial and Antioxidant Properties

“…SEM analysis revealed that the control sample (CM) used for multi-functionalization with phenolic compounds showed the presence of microfibers and that the extract adhered to the cellulose microfibers surface, without requiring the presence of a fixing or crosslinking agent. The data were in accordance with Khalil (2020) [34], which concluded that by acid hydrolysis, the fiber size was in the range of 9-16 µm. In the wound dressing case, it was shown that cellulose microfibers improved the hemostasis of the scaffolds without affecting its cytotoxicity and the strength and flexibility of the films, which could be used in drug delivery or active wound dressing.…”

“…The main phenolic compounds identified in the alcoholic extract of G. triachantos were vanillic acid (773.88 µg/L), 4-hydroxy benzoic acid (570.37 µg/L), ferulic acid (319.81 µg/L), catechin (34,271.15 µg/L), quercetin (3,007.89 µg/L), and epicatechin (1,431.47 µg/L). The extract was rich in chlorogenic acid (11,984.43 µg/L), cinnamic acid (2,736.42 µg/L, an acid that lacks phenolic groups but is still usually included in the phenolic compounds class), and rutin (1,302.31 µg/L).…”

The Role of Biopolymer-Based Materials in Obstetrics and Gynecology Applications: A Review

“…Biopolymers are naturally occurring polymers produced by living cells of animals, plants, and microorganisms, either polysaccharides, protein, or even polyesters (Figure 3) [96][97][98]. The ideal biopolymer for any medical application would have many characteristics, such as: non-toxic, does not evoke an inflammatory or immunological response, is easily sterilized, has an acceptable shelf life, and can be easily processed to its final form [26,99].…”

Cotton Wastes Functionalized Biomaterials from Micro to Nano: A Cleaner Approach for a Sustainable Environmental Application

“…The porosity and swelling tests revealed the hydrophilicity of the scaffold and also its nontoxicity, as observed in the micrograph. The authors attributed the water absorption potential of the scaffold to the hydrophilic functional groups [ 109 ]. Xu, Wu [ 110 ] stated that the hydrophilic properties of scaffold influence the interaction between the materials and the cells.…”