Cellulose nanocrystals from natural fiber of the macrophyte Typha domingensis: extraction and characterization

The Influence of Bleached Jute Fiber Filler on the Properties of Vulcanized Natural Rubber

“…The surfaces of the treated fibers are smoother and contain fewer solid aggregates when compared to the surface of the raw fibers. Furthermore, the treated fibers show less agglomeration, which may indicate that the bleaching treatment was able to remove a significant amount of the amorphous mass from the fiber surfaces, such as lignin, impurities, and low molar mass polysaccharides, as has also been previously reported 23,29,30 .…”

“…Peaks at approximately 2θ = 16, 22, and 34.5º arise from the cellulose (110), (200), and (004) planes, respectively. This indicates the presence of type I cellulose in the fibers, both before and after bleaching treatment [23][24][25] . The increase in the peak intensity of the (200) reflections indicates that the crystallinity has increased.…”

“…The scattered radiation was detected in a 2θ range of 5 to 40° at a scanning rate of 0.02°/min. The crystallinity index (CI) was estimated using Equation 1 22,23 , where CI expresses the relative degree of crystallinity, I 200 the intensity of the peak corresponding to the plane (200), and I am is the intensity of the diffracted peak at 2θ = 18°.…”

Cellulose Nanocrystals and Jute Fiber-reinforced Natural Rubber Composites: Cure Characteristics and Mechanical Properties

“…Figure 3 shows the XRD curves for the jute fibers before and after the bleaching treatment and for the CNCs. The highest intensity peak at approximately 2θ = 22.3° and the lowest intensity diffraction peaks at 2θ = 15.8° and 2θ = 34.5°, which was more pronounced for CNCs, indicated the presence of type I cellulose, and were assigned to plane (200), overlapping of (110)/(110), and (004) crystallographic planes, respectively 22,23 . The increase in the peak intensity after the bleaching and acid hydrolysis of the jute fibers indicates an increase in the crystallinity after applying the treatments.…”

“…The CNCs were extracted by acid hydrolysis with sulfuric acid, and the reaction conditions were based on the most discussed parameters in literature [22][23][24] . Approximately 10 g of bleached jute fibers were dispersed in 200 ml of 50% (w/w) sulfuric acid (H 2 SO 4 ).…”