Cellulose Nanocrystals and Jute Fiber-reinforced Natural Rubber Composites: Cure Characteristics and Mechanical Properties

Correia, Carla Almêda; Valera, Ticiane Sanches

doi:10.1590/1980-5373-mr-2019-0192

Cited by 31 publications

(16 citation statements)

References 37 publications

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“…Higher CRI values are attributed to crosslinking reactions promoted by sulfur in parallel to the reactions of polar functional groups, hydrogen bonds, between elastomer molecules. 29 Comparing the two methods, it was found a behavior variation between the formulations that were similar in the two applied methods, although the absolute values are different. The same study was carried out by Lee et al, 30 using the same methods to estimate the chemical crosslinking densities of natural rubber and SBR, both cured and uncured.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 94%

Green compounds of SBR with nanofibrilated cellulose and palm oil in replacement to traditionally compounds used

Ribeiro

Damo

Zattera

et al. 2022

Journal of Elastomers & Plastics

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Silica and carbon black (CB) are the most used reinforcement fillers in elastomeric compositions; however, their obtention and usage might result in environmental and human health damages. The same happens to the plasticizers used in elastomeric compounds, which contain a high content of polycyclic aromatics. To use reinforcement and plasticizer loads from natural sources, the performance of an elastomeric compound by partially replacing CB with nanofibrillated cellulose (CEL) provided with Eucalyptus spp. shavings was evaluated in this work, as well as, the use of palm oil to replace aromatic oils. Nanofibrilated cellulose was obtained by grinding in a micronizing mill. As a characterization of the raw material, the thermal, chemical and morphological properties, as well as particle size analysis of the cellulose suspension were evaluated by the particle size analyzer. From the vulcanized material, the physical, mechanical, dynamic-mechanical properties, cross-link density, and swelling index in solvents were evaluated. As the main results obtained, the presence of CEL clusters seen by scanning electron microscopy with nanofibers with diameters of 100–85 nm was observed. The dynamic light scattering particle size analyzers (DLS) showed nanoparticles from 1 to 100 nm. The rheometric properties showed lower values for the parameters of safety time, optimal vulcanization time, and maximum and minimum torques when compared to samples with CEL as CB. For tear resistance properties, samples with the presence of nanofibrilated cellulose showed 48% more resistance than samples with CB, in the modulus of elasticity, cross-link density, and swelling index, a better performance was also achieved for the samples with CEL, along with presenting a similar behavior in the hardness property between samples with the presence of nanofibrillates and those with CB. Palm oil, a substitute for aromatic oil, was found to be similar in the evaluated properties results, with interaction with CEL, by chemical affinity, which can replace aromatic oil.

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 94%

Green compounds of SBR with nanofibrilated cellulose and palm oil in replacement to traditionally compounds used

Ribeiro

Damo

Zattera

et al. 2022

Journal of Elastomers & Plastics

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“…The diameter measurements of the fibers were performed using the ImageJ software, with at least 100 representative measurements for obtaining the diameter distribution. 21,22…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Changes in the rheometric, morphological and mechanical properties of nitrile rubber composites by the use of different concentrations of cellulose nanofibers

Celestini

Ribeiro

Damo

et al. 2021

Journal of Elastomers & Plastics

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Cellulose nanofibers were produced with waste from the paper industry, in a stone grinder and were used as filler in elastomeric composites in the acrylonitrile-butadiene copolymer (NBR). Two different cellulose mass concentrations (0.5 and 2.0 wt%) were ground in water and incorporated in concentrations of 0, 10 and 20 phr by the coagulation of the NBR, followed by drying. The other components of the formulation were incorporated and vulcanized in an open mixer and molded by compression. Due to the proposed grinding it was possible to obtain nanocellulose, in the range of 20.5 nm to 83.6 nm at an average diameter of 42.8 nm for the solution produced with 2.0 wt% and 18.3 nm at 90.5 nm at an average diameter of 44.3 for the solution with 0.5 wt%. The composites with a 20 phr of nanofiber presented lower vulcanization times and better mechanical properties before and after accelerated aging for 7 days, as well as a superior resistance to gasoline and diesel than the NBR and the samples with 10 phr. A tear strength of 61 N.mm−2 was obtained at the concentration of 20 phr and 0.5 wt% of incorporated nanofibers in line with a shorter vulcanization time.

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“…By removing most of the amorphous regions, crystalline cellulose, including microcrystalline cellulose (MCC) and nanocrystalline cellulose (NCC), can be obtained. The crystalline cellulose has a high strength and modulus and a great potential for use as a reinforcing filler in rubber materials [ 1 , 2 ].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Rod-like Cellulose Regenerated by Bottom-Up Assembly in Natural Rubber Latex and Its Reinforcement

Wang

et al. 2023

IJMS

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As a renewable biomass material, nano-cellulose has been investigated as a reinforcing filler in rubber composites but has seen little success because of its strong inclination towards aggregating. Here, a bottom-up self-assembly approach was proposed by regenerating cellulose crystals from a mixture of cellulose solution and natural rubber (NR) latex. Different co-coagulants of both cellulose solution and natural rubber latex were added to break the dissolution equilibrium and in-situ regenerate cellulose in the NR matrix. The SEM images showed that the sizes and morphologies of regenerated cellulose (RC) varied greatly with the addition of different co-coagulants. Only when a 5 wt% acetic acid aqueous solution was used, the RC particles showed an ideal rod-like structure with small sizes of about 100 nm in diameter and 1.0 μm in length. The tensile test showed that rod-like RC (RRC)-endowed NR vulcanizates with pronounced reinforcement had a drastic upturn in stress after stretching to 200% strain. The results of XRD and the Mullins effect showed that this drastic upturn in stress was mainly attributed to the formation of rigid RRC-RRC networks during stretching instead of the strain-induced crystallization of NR. This bottom-up approach provided a simple way to ensure the effective utilization of cellulosic materials in the rubber industry.

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Cellulose Nanocrystals and Jute Fiber-reinforced Natural Rubber Composites: Cure Characteristics and Mechanical Properties

Cited by 31 publications

References 37 publications

Green compounds of SBR with nanofibrilated cellulose and palm oil in replacement to traditionally compounds used

Green compounds of SBR with nanofibrilated cellulose and palm oil in replacement to traditionally compounds used

Changes in the rheometric, morphological and mechanical properties of nitrile rubber composites by the use of different concentrations of cellulose nanofibers

Rod-like Cellulose Regenerated by Bottom-Up Assembly in Natural Rubber Latex and Its Reinforcement

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