Cellulose Nanocrystals: Chemistry, Self-Assembly, and Applications

Habibi, Youssef; Lucia, Lucian A.; Rojas, Orlando J.

doi:10.1021/cr900339w

Cited by 5,030 publications

(4,145 citation statements)

References 225 publications

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“…They were selected for this study because they are the type most commonly used by researchers ( Figure 1A,B and Table 1). 1 Electron tomography images of the triple cell coculture system after exposure to CCNs revealed that these particles interacted only with the MDM on the apical side of the triple cell coculture (Figure 2). No CCNs were observed within the epithelial cell layer or the MDDC after 24 h of exposure to a suspension comprising of the CCNs at a concentration of 0.03 mg 3 mL À1 in a controlled environment (37°C, 5% CO 2 ).…”

Section: ' Results and Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Nevertheless, the dimensions and structure of individualized cellulose nanowhiskers (∼10À30 Â ∼100À2000 nm, depending upon the source) are vastly different from those of the microfibrillated cellulose (entangled fibers with a length of several micrometers) that was studied before. 1,14 Furthermore, cellulose degradation occurs primarily through enzymatic processes, which normally does not occur in the human body. One must also consider that surface-modified cellulose nanowhiskers are frequently used for nanocomposite fabrication.…”

Section: ' Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…One must also consider that surface-modified cellulose nanowhiskers are frequently used for nanocomposite fabrication. 1 The extremely high surface area to weight ratio suggests that the surface (and not bulk) chemistry may determine the rate of hydrolytic degradation processes and how such nanowhiskers present themselves to cells. This therefore supports the notion that the potential hazard associated with nano-objects can be strongly associated with their surface area and reactivity.…”

Section: ' Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Investigating the Interaction of Cellulose Nanofibers Derived from Cotton with a Sophisticated 3D Human Lung Cell Coculture

et al. 2011

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Section: ' Results and Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: ' Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: ' Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Investigating the Interaction of Cellulose Nanofibers Derived from Cotton with a Sophisticated 3D Human Lung Cell Coculture

et al. 2011

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“…16 Earlier work introduced the concept of CNs as reinforcing phase in synthetic polymers, 17,18 and a large list of matrices has been considered for combination with CNs. 19 Relevant to the present work, CNs have been used to reinforce electrospun fibers produced from poly(ethylene oxide), 20 poly-(acrylic acid), 21 polystyrene, 22 poly(ε-caprolactone), 23 and cellulose. 24 The presence of hydroxyl groups in CNs makes them suitable for the production of composites with polar, hydrophilic polymers such as PVA, and the benefit of improved mechanical and thermal properties has been reported in the case of cast films 25,26 and electrospun fiber mats.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 98%

Effect of Moisture on Electrospun Nanofiber Composites of Poly(vinyl alcohol) and Cellulose Nanocrystals

et al. 2010

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. 2010. Effect of moisture on electrospun nanofiber composites of poly(vinyl alcohol) and cellulose nanocrystals. Biomacromolecules, volume 11, number 9, pages 2471-2477. © 2010 American Chemical Society (ACS)Reprinted with permission from American Chemical Society. Effect of Moisture on Electrospun Nanofiber Composites ofPoly(vinyl alcohol) and Cellulose Nanocrystals The effect of humidity on the morphological and thermomechanical properties of electrospun poly(vinyl alcohol) (PVA) fiber mats reinforced with cellulose nanocrystals (CNs) was investigated. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) images revealed that the incorporation of CNs improved the morphological stability of the composite fibers even in high humidity environments. Thermal and mechanical properties of the electrospun fiber mats were studied by using differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), dynamic mechanical analysis (DMA), and large deformation tensile tests under controlled humidity and temperatures. The balance between the moisture-induced plasticization and the reinforcing effect of rigid CN particles was critical in determining the thermomechanical behaviors of the electrospun fiber mats. Results indicated that the stabilizing effect of the CNs in the PVA matrix might be compromised by water absorption, disrupting the hydrogen bonding within the structure. The amount of this disruption depended on the surrounding humidity and the CN loading. The reduction in tensile strength of neat PVA fiber mats as they were conditioned from low relative humidity (10% RH) to high relative humidity (70% RH) was found to be about 80%, from 1.5 to 0.4 MPa. When the structure was reinforced with CNs, the reduction in strength was limited to 40%, from 2 to 0.8 MPa over the same range in relative humidity. More importantly, the CN-loaded PVA fiber mats showed a reversible recovery in mechanical strength after cycling the relative humidity. Finally, humidity treatments of the composite PVA fiber mats induced significant enhancement of their strength as a result of the adhesion between the continuous matrix and the CNs.

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“…Note that it is opposite to the case when the chiral plasmonic signal is due to nanoparticles templated by the left-handed cholesteric LC phase observed at high CNC concentrations (see schematics in Figure S7, Supporting Information). [2,10,16,25,26] The CNC/AuNP fibrillar superstructures render a CD signal dip-peak magnitude of 1.7 mdeg for our nominal initial aqueous CNC concentration of approximately 2.5 nM (ρCNC = 0.01 mg/mL) (Figure 3b). In comparison, DNA-origami-based right-handed assembly composed of 10 nm AuNPs exhibits a dip-peak value of 1.2 mdeg using 1.5 nM concentration of nanohelixes.…”

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Chiral Plasmonics Using Twisting along Cellulose Nanocrystals as a Template for Gold Nanoparticles

et al. 2016

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Nanocelluloses with native crystalline internal structures have attracted considerable interest due to their plant-based origin, high mechanical properties, modifiability, and chiral liquid crystallinity, which suggest novel functional sustainable materials. [1−27] In particular, cellulose nanocrystals (CNCs) are colloidal rods, having a typical lateral dimension of 5−10 nm and length of 50−300 nm. Above a critical aqueous concentration, they exhibit lefthanded chiral nematic (cholesteric) liquid crystallinity (LC) and optical iridescence, [4][5][6] which is preserved in dried films [4,28] . It allows templating for photonic materials using inorganics, nanoparticles, polymers, and pyrolyzed carbonized matter. [10,12,16,25,26] On the other hand, the CNCs have been suggested to possess a right-handed twist along their nanorod axis to explain the left-handed twist in their chiral LC. [6] Recently, the right-handed twist of individual CNCs and nanocelluloses of three different origins was observed by cryo-electron tomography (cryo-ET), and electron and atomic force microscopy [27,29] supported by molecular dynamics simulations [30−32] .Exploiting the twisting shape along the individual CNC nanorods could allow new optical functions in the nano/colloidal scale in dilute aqueous dispersions, i.e. not limited to the chiral LC based on the inter-rod assembly involving a larger length scale. Surprisingly, such optical findings have not been reported so far.Surface plasmons, i.e. collective oscillations of the conduction electrons on metal surfaces, allow physics and applications ranging from photonic devices, sensing, and solar cells to pharmacology. [33−37] In nanoparticles (NPs) the oscillations become coupled to allow a chiral plasmonic response, provided that they are sufficiently closely positioned and assembled in a chiral manner. This manifests in circular dichroism (CD) spectroscopy, which describes the difference in absorption between left-and right-handed circularly polarized light. The chiral coupling of surface plasmons induces a bisignated CD signal with a zerocrossing at the characteristic localized surface plasmon resonance wavelength of the isolated NPs. Such a Cotton effect is either dip−peak or peak−dip, depending on the handedness of chirality. [38−42] In chiral biological molecules, such as DNA, proteins and polypeptides, the CD signal is at ultraviolet wavelengths, whereas the CD signal of helical metal nanoparticle assemblies is at the visible wavelengths. This extends the applications to e.g. in biosensing. [37] Chiral nanoparticle assemblies have been shown using helical polymers, supramolecular fibers, and DNA-based constructs as templates. [40−42] In particular, a chiral plasmonic signal is obtained using DNA-origami to organize the nanoparticles in well-defined helices with tunable pitch, separation, and handedness. [40,41] Even if the above approaches are promising allowing in-depth tunable chiral plasmonic response, introducing rapid, scalable, and economic ways for producing chiral plas...

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Cellulose Nanocrystals: Chemistry, Self-Assembly, and Applications

Cited by 5,030 publications

References 225 publications

Investigating the Interaction of Cellulose Nanofibers Derived from Cotton with a Sophisticated 3D Human Lung Cell Coculture

Investigating the Interaction of Cellulose Nanofibers Derived from Cotton with a Sophisticated 3D Human Lung Cell Coculture

Effect of Moisture on Electrospun Nanofiber Composites of Poly(vinyl alcohol) and Cellulose Nanocrystals

Chiral Plasmonics Using Twisting along Cellulose Nanocrystals as a Template for Gold Nanoparticles

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