Cellulose hydrogel skeleton by extrusion 3D printing of solution

Abstract

<jats:title>Abstract</jats:title><jats:p>Cellulose is the most abundant natural polymer on earth, which has obtained increasing interest in the field of functional materials development for its renewable, high mechanical performance and environmental benign. In this study, the traditional processing method (wet spinning and film production) of cellulose-based materials was applied by using cellulose solution for 3D printing, which can directly build complex 3D patterns. Herein, a natural cellulose is dissolved in an effective mixed aqueous solution of dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO) and tetrabutylammonium hydroxide (TBAH). The cellulose solution extrusion was controlled by a modified fused deposition modeling (FDM) 3D printer. During the controlled extrusion 3D printing process, the viscous cellulose solution will gelifies and further solidifies into a predetermined 3D pattern at room temperature in air. Subsequently, a cellulose hydrogel skeleton was obtained, when the 3D pattern was solvent-exchanged with deionized water. Finally, the mechanical and swelling performance of the cellulose hydrogel scaffold was improved by a cross-linking agent treatment method. With treatment of the 3D printed scaffolds in 0.8 wt% cross-linking agent solution, the obtained cellulose hydrogel could absorb 28 g/g water, and the compression strength was 96 kPa. This work provided an efficient way to prepare natural cellulose hydrogel by 3D printing under room temperature.</jats:p>

Spirulina‐based composites for 3D‐printing

“…65 Specifically, as shear rate increases, the interactions between the polymers in the slurry are disrupted and the molecular chains can slide and move more easily. 66,67 There is a progressive increase in viscosity with decreasing water content which, when comparing the highest to lowest water content slurries, exceeds one order of magnitude (Figure 2). We use these slurries to print single-layered structures made up of parallel lines in full contact and confirm that the lowest water concentration (55 wt%), the highest viscosity slurries, leads to the most consistent extrusion process in terms of shape retention.…”

3D printed cellulose based product applications

“…29 With increasing shear rate, the viscosity of the cellulose solution will decrease, indicating a robust non-Newtonian shear depletion behaviour. 30,31 The shear-dependent viscosity allows the hydrogel to be extruded during the moulding process to produce a stable structure without deformation. These rheological properties indicate that the hydrogel concentration dramatically affects printability and shape retention related to the mechanical strength of the printed filament.…”

“…High temperatures will impact the rate of movement of macromolecules, and more free volume will be generated so that the molecular chains can move more quickly, causing a decrease in the viscosity of the hydrogel. 30 The addition of CNC increased the total solid content in the composite hydrogel and the density of the network structure, which resulted in a higher viscosity. 32 This study confirmed that the moulding conditions contributed to the biocompatibility of the hydrogel scaffold.…”

Hyaluronic acid as a bioactive component for bone tissue regeneration: Fabrication, modification, properties, and biological functions

“…3D printing technology is the fabrication of a threedimensional object, typically layer by layer, from a computer-aided design model or other geometrical data, such as X-ray imaging, magnetic resonance imaging, ultrasound imaging techniques, and computerized tomography scan [102][103][104]. 3D bioprinting involves the utilization of 3D printing-like techniques to combine cells and other bioactive molecules to fabricate biomimetic tissue constructs complex 3D architecture [43,105,106]. As one of the latest biotechnologies, 3D bioprinting has been widely used in bone tissue regeneration to fabricate bone tissue-engineered constructs with geometrically defined structures for personalized patient-specific therapy.…”