Cellulose-Based Nanofibril Composite Materials as a New Approach to Fight Bacterial Infections

Abstract

Antibiotic resistant microorganisms have become an enormous global challenge, and are predicted to cause hundreds of millions of deaths. Therefore, the search for novel/alternative antimicrobial agents is a grand global challenge. Cellulose is an abundant biopolymer with the advantages of low cost, biodegradability, and biocompatibility. With the recent growth of nanotechnology and nanomedicine, numerous researchers have investigated nanofibril cellulose to try to develop an anti-bacterial biomaterial. However, nanofibril cellulose has no inherent antibacterial activity, and therefore cannot be used on its own. To empower cellulose with anti-bacterial properties, new efficient nanomaterials have been designed based on cellulose-based nanofibrils as potential wound dressings, food packaging, and for other antibacterial applications. In this review we summarize reports concerning the therapeutic potential of cellulose-based nanofibrils against various bacterial infections

Hyaluronic Acid-Based Nanomaterials as a New Approach to the Treatment and Prevention of Bacterial Infections

“…HA, also known as hyaluronan, is a linear polymer, water-soluble, viscoelastic containing disaccharide repeats of ( Francolini et al, 2015 ; Rashki et al, 2021a )-glucuronic acid (GlcUA)- ( Francolini et al, 2015 ; Panahi et al, 2011 )- N -acetylglucosamine (GlcNAc) ( Figure 1 ) ( Boeriu et al, 2013 ). Hyaluronan belongs to the GAG family, containing keratin sulfate, heparin/heparan sulfate, and chondroitin/dermatan sulfate.…”

“…The microbial contamination of medical equipment caused by bacterial or fungal pathogens is an important factor in the transmission of nosocomial infections ( Francolini et al, 2015 ; Abed et al, 2022 ; Panahi et al, 2011 ; Rashki et al, 2021a ; Marzhoseyni et al, 2022 ; Mirzaei et al, 2020 ). Moreover, the alarming rise in antimicrobial-resistant species caused by the overuse of antibiotics now poses serious health and economic threat worldwide ( Marcello et al, 2021 ).…”

Antimicrobial Activity of Composites-Based on Biopolymers

“…The antibacterial assays have confirmed the efficient antibacterial activity of several nanocellulose-based to inhibit bacterial growth (in both liquid medium and agar plates). They can kill several logs of microbial cells [146]. Nanofibrillated cellulose has been used to carry chitosan capsules [73].…”

“…The mechanisms of action are related to the change of permeability, disruption, change of the bacterial water osmosis gradient, or destruction of bacterial cell membranes. The inhibition of ATP production, DNA synthesis, DNA replication, and the respiratory system could conduce to direct bacterial killing [146]. In the case of EOs, the mechanism of action is related to the degradation of the cell membrane, leakage of cell components, damage of membrane proteins, coagulations of cytoplasm, or the collapse of the proton motive force [164].…”

Rose bengal-integrated electrospun polyacrylonitrile nanofibers for photodynamic inactivation of bacteria

“…3 The other waterborne pathogenic bacteria include Salmonella typhimurium, Vibrio cholerae, Campylobacter jejuni, etc. 4 A wide variety of techniques have been developed to remove or inactivate bacteria in water, such as the use of wetland systems, 5 lters, 6,7 occulants, 8 antimicrobial reagents, 8,9 Cu 2 Ocontained hybrids, 10,11 antimicrobial nanobers, 12 etc. Cu 2 Ocontained hybrids, including Cu 2 O particles on inorganic halloysite nanotubes and on tourmaline, have been reported as a promising antimicrobial technology to inactivate bacteria completely within a short time.…”