Cellulose and lignin as carbon black replacement in natural rubber

Kazemi, Hossein; Parot, Maxime; Stevanović, Tatjana; Mighri, Frej; Rodrigue, Denis

doi:10.1002/app.52462

Cited by 14 publications

(14 citation statements)

References 61 publications

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“…Furthermore, the addition of high lignin content decreases the tensile strength of rubber composites due to filler agglomerations. [ 14–19 ]…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Furthermore, the addition of high lignin content decreases the tensile strength of rubber composites due to filler agglomerations. [14][15][16][17][18][19] Cellulose nanocrystals (CNC) is another filler usually prepared by acid hydrolysis of lignocellulosic fibers with H 2 SO 4 . After acid hydrolysis, SO 3 À functional groups are introduced onto the CNC surface helping its dispersion in water through electrostatic repulsions.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Natural rubber biocomposites reinforced with cellulose nanocrystals/lignin hybrid fillers

Kazemi

Mighri

Park³

et al. 2022

Polymer Composites

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In this study, a novel hybrid system containing lignin and cellulose nanocrystals (CNC) is developed to reinforce natural rubber (NR) and produce high-performance biocomposites. Firstly, the effect of lignin content in lignin/NR biocomposites is investigated. Despite lignin's advantages as an inexpensive biopolymer, its addition to NR results in longer cure time, reduced tensile strength and increased loss factor (tan δ); that is, lignin addition has a negligible reinforcing effect compared to conventional fillers, such as carbon black (CB). On the other hand, adding only 7.5

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“…Furthermore, the addition of high lignin content decreases the tensile strength of rubber composites due to filler agglomerations. [ 14–19 ]…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Natural rubber biocomposites reinforced with cellulose nanocrystals/lignin hybrid fillers

Kazemi

Mighri

Park³

et al. 2022

Polymer Composites

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“…Kazemi et al [106] compared cellulose and lignin to replace CB in NR composites. The results showed that the lignin/NR composites exhibited longer curing time than the composites filled with cellulose.…”

Section: Lignin/nr Compositesmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Hybrid systems containing lignin and conventional fillers are attracting considerable attention for rubber composites [106,111]. Yu et al [111] showed that replacing silica with lignin decreased the Payne effect and improved processability, as well as increased the curing time and elongation at break.…”

Section: Lignin/nr Composites Reinforced With Hybrid Fillersmentioning

confidence: 99%

A Review of Rubber Biocomposites Reinforced with Lignocellulosic Fillers

2022

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Lignocellulosic fillers have attracted considerable attention over the years as a promising alternative to conventional petroleum-based fillers (carbon black) in rubber composites due to their renewability, biodegradability, availability, high mechanical properties, low density and low cost. Based on the literature available, a comprehensive review is presented here of rubber biocomposites reinforced with plant-based fillers. The study is divided into different sections depending on the matrix (natural or synthetic rubber) and the type of lignocellulosic fillers (natural fiber, microcrystalline cellulose, lignin and nanocellulose). This review focuses on the curing characteristics, mechanical properties and dynamic mechanical properties of the resulting rubber biocomposites. In addition, the effect of hybrid filler systems, lignocellulosic filler surface modification and modification of the rubber matrix on the properties of these rubber biocomposites are presented and compared. A conclusion is finally presented with some openings for future works.

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“…In the rubber industry, the utilization of natural fillers from natural resources is very beneficial as it lowers the costs of production as cheaper materials (natural fillers) are used [ 11 ]. Natural fillers are known to be environmentally friendly, fully degradable, sustainable, available in abundance, cheap, and low in density [ 9 , 13 , 14 ]. In the last few years, sustainable materials derived from plants, such as cellulose nanocrystals, natural fibers, lignin, and biochar are widely incorporated in various studies as a replacement or complementary fillers for rubber composites [ 8 ].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Synergistic Effect of Partial Replacement of Carbon Black by Palm Kernel Shell Biochar in Carboxylated Nitrile Butadiene Rubber Composites

et al. 2023

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With the rapid development of the palm oil-related industry, this has resulted in the high production of palm oil waste. The increasing amount of palm oil waste has become an alarming issue in which researchers have carried out studies that this palm oil waste has the potential to be used as a biomass source. Carbon black (CB) is the most preferred reinforcing filler in the rubber industry but it has a disadvantage where CB is carcinogenic and a petroleum-based product. Hence CB is less sustainable. Palm kernel shell (PKS) derived from palm oil waste can be turned into palm kernel shell biochar (PKSBc) which can potentially be a value-added, sustainable biofiller as reinforcement in rubber composites. In this study, PKSBc is hybridized with CB (N660) at different loading ratios to be filled in carboxylated nitrile butadiene rubber (XNBR). This study aims to elucidate the effect of the varying ratios of hybrid CB/PKSBc on the rheological properties, abrasion resistance, and hardness of XNBR composites. In this study, both CB and PKSBc are incorporated into XNBR and were then cured with sulphur. The composites were prepared by using a two-roll mill. Different compositions of hybrid CB/PKSBc were incorporated. The rheological properties and physicomechanical properties, such as abrasion resistance and hardness of the vulcanizates, were investigated. Based on the results, as the loading ratio of PKSBc in hybrid CB/PKSBc increases, the cure time decreases, and the cure rate index increases. The abrasion resistance and hardness values of vulcanizates were maintained by the high loading of PKSBc which was due to the porous structure of PKSBc as shown in the morphological analysis of PKSBc. The pores of PKSBc provided mechanical interlocking to reduce volume loss and maintain the hardness of vulcanizates when subjected to force. With this, PKSBc is proven to be a semi-reinforcing filler that could not only act as a co-filler to existing commercialized CB, but PKSBc could also fully substitute CB as reinforcement in rubber, specifically XNBR as it is able to provide high abrasion resistance and hardness to the rubber composites. This would mean the performance of PKSBc is comparable with CB (N660) when it comes to maintaining the physicomechanical properties of XNBR composites in terms of abrasion resistance and hardness. Therefore, this approach of using eco-friendly filler derived from palm oil agricultural waste (PKSBc) can reduce the abundance of palm oil waste, be a sustainable alternative to act as a co-filler in hybrid CB/PKSBc to decrease the usage of CB, and helps to enhance the quality of existing rubber-based products.

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Cellulose and lignin as carbon black replacement in natural rubber

Cited by 14 publications

References 61 publications

Natural rubber biocomposites reinforced with cellulose nanocrystals/lignin hybrid fillers

Natural rubber biocomposites reinforced with cellulose nanocrystals/lignin hybrid fillers

A Review of Rubber Biocomposites Reinforced with Lignocellulosic Fillers

Synergistic Effect of Partial Replacement of Carbon Black by Palm Kernel Shell Biochar in Carboxylated Nitrile Butadiene Rubber Composites

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