A Review of Rubber Biocomposites Reinforced with Lignocellulosic Fillers

Kazemi, Hossein; Mighri, Frej; Rodrigue, Denis

doi:10.3390/jcs6070183

Cited by 12 publications

(19 citation statements)

References 246 publications

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“…The similar results have been reported in other references. [1,16] 4), all composite samples showed a good improvement in tensile strength compared to pure NR, especially in samples containing a high percentage of fillers. NR-M7 and NR-Mg7 showed tensile strength values two times bigger than pure NR.…”

Section: Curing Characteristicsmentioning

confidence: 89%

Extraction of microcrystalline cellulose from cotton fiber, and application to block natural rubber as reinforcing agent

An,

Le Chi

2023

Vietnam Journal of Chemistry

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Crosslinked natural rubber (NR)/microcrystalline cellulose (MCC) composite was prepared by dry mixing of NR with MCC extracted from cotton fiber. MCC was first extracted from cotton fiber by acid hydrolysis processing, then applied to block natural rubber as a reinforcement. MCC grafted maleic anhydride (MA) was also synthesized and applied to the composites to improve the compatibility between natural rubber and cellulose. Obtained cellulose samples were subjected to infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) to confirm the purity of cellulose structure and the presence of MA grafted on MCC chains. X‐ray spectroscopy (XRD) and thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) were investigated as well to see if there was any important change after modification. NR containing microcrystalline cellulose was formulated with vulcanizing agents and microcrystalline cellulose grafted MA for characterization. Micro‐scale dispersion of microcrystalline cellulose was observed by scanning electron microscopy (SEM). MCC showed positive contributions to tensile strength and thermal properties of composites as well. Mechanical properties of vulcanized rubber containing microcrystalline cellulose grafted MA gave a slightly better value compared to the reference sample without adding of the compatible agent. The presence of reinforcements helped NR composites to reduce solvent uptake, however there was no change in tensile strength after aging test.

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Section: Curing Characteristicsmentioning

confidence: 89%

Extraction of microcrystalline cellulose from cotton fiber, and application to block natural rubber as reinforcing agent

An,

Le Chi

2023

Vietnam Journal of Chemistry

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“…Effects of natural fibers like silk short fiber, jute, sisal, bagasse, and palm on polymer composite have also been investigated. [ 2–5 ] Alkali‐treated cellulose short fiber reinforced natural rubber (NR) composite showed improved crosslink density with higher tensile strength. [ 6 ]…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Effects of natural fibers like silk short fiber, jute, sisal, bagasse, and palm on polymer composite have also been investigated. [2][3][4][5] Alkalitreated cellulose short fiber reinforced natural rubber (NR) composite showed improved crosslink density with higher tensile strength. [6] Various cellulose micro/nanofiber separation processes like chemical treatment and mechanical size reduction are also investigated by different researchers.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

An investigation on Moringa oleifera fruit (drumstick)‐derived cellulose micro and nanofiber reinforced styrene butadiene rubber composites

et al. 2023

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The current focus in the elastomer industry is to look for biobased or natural filler for various compounds. The reinforcing effect of waste drumstick-derived cellulose micro and nanofiber in styrene butadiene rubber (SBR) was investigated for the very first time. Cellulose microfibers and nanofibers were isolated from the drumstick fruit peel and characterized using different techniques such as x-ray diffraction, scanning and transmission electron microscopy, and x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy. The filler-polymer interaction in the composites was studied using the bound rubber measurements, which showed that the bound rubber content of the composite increased from 0.5% to 8.1% at 5 phr cellulose nanofiber loading. The tensile strength and modulus of the modified cellulose microfiber-containing composite were higher than both the unfilled SBR and the raw fiber-SBR composites. The addition of 5 phr nanofiber to SBR showed a 46% increment of the tensile strength than the control compound. The die swell index of the cellulose fiber reinforced composites came down attesting the better processability of the extrudates. The addition of cellulose fiber also improved the wet skid resistance of the composites as seen from dynamic mechanical thermal analysis. Hence, this work confirms the application of modified drumstick microfibers and nanofibers as sustainable fillers for high-performance elastomers composites.

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“…However, CB needs to be substituted with renewable filler due to some negative adverse and disadvantages [ 6 ]. CB is known to be a petroleum-based product, hence it is not renewable and sustainable [ 7 ]. This is because CB is produced by the partial combustion or thermal decomposition of petroleum hydrocarbons and it has a considerable carbon footprint [ 8 ].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…However, PKS has a few disadvantages, such as high moisture content and low carbon content. Since PKS is a lignocellulosic material, the properties of rubber composites filled with PKS are expected to be lower compared to those filled with CB [ 7 ]. PKS also contains contaminants such as oil sludge and fungus.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Synergistic Effect of Partial Replacement of Carbon Black by Palm Kernel Shell Biochar in Carboxylated Nitrile Butadiene Rubber Composites

et al. 2023

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With the rapid development of the palm oil-related industry, this has resulted in the high production of palm oil waste. The increasing amount of palm oil waste has become an alarming issue in which researchers have carried out studies that this palm oil waste has the potential to be used as a biomass source. Carbon black (CB) is the most preferred reinforcing filler in the rubber industry but it has a disadvantage where CB is carcinogenic and a petroleum-based product. Hence CB is less sustainable. Palm kernel shell (PKS) derived from palm oil waste can be turned into palm kernel shell biochar (PKSBc) which can potentially be a value-added, sustainable biofiller as reinforcement in rubber composites. In this study, PKSBc is hybridized with CB (N660) at different loading ratios to be filled in carboxylated nitrile butadiene rubber (XNBR). This study aims to elucidate the effect of the varying ratios of hybrid CB/PKSBc on the rheological properties, abrasion resistance, and hardness of XNBR composites. In this study, both CB and PKSBc are incorporated into XNBR and were then cured with sulphur. The composites were prepared by using a two-roll mill. Different compositions of hybrid CB/PKSBc were incorporated. The rheological properties and physicomechanical properties, such as abrasion resistance and hardness of the vulcanizates, were investigated. Based on the results, as the loading ratio of PKSBc in hybrid CB/PKSBc increases, the cure time decreases, and the cure rate index increases. The abrasion resistance and hardness values of vulcanizates were maintained by the high loading of PKSBc which was due to the porous structure of PKSBc as shown in the morphological analysis of PKSBc. The pores of PKSBc provided mechanical interlocking to reduce volume loss and maintain the hardness of vulcanizates when subjected to force. With this, PKSBc is proven to be a semi-reinforcing filler that could not only act as a co-filler to existing commercialized CB, but PKSBc could also fully substitute CB as reinforcement in rubber, specifically XNBR as it is able to provide high abrasion resistance and hardness to the rubber composites. This would mean the performance of PKSBc is comparable with CB (N660) when it comes to maintaining the physicomechanical properties of XNBR composites in terms of abrasion resistance and hardness. Therefore, this approach of using eco-friendly filler derived from palm oil agricultural waste (PKSBc) can reduce the abundance of palm oil waste, be a sustainable alternative to act as a co-filler in hybrid CB/PKSBc to decrease the usage of CB, and helps to enhance the quality of existing rubber-based products.

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A Review of Rubber Biocomposites Reinforced with Lignocellulosic Fillers

Cited by 12 publications

References 246 publications

Extraction of microcrystalline cellulose from cotton fiber, and application to block natural rubber as reinforcing agent

Extraction of microcrystalline cellulose from cotton fiber, and application to block natural rubber as reinforcing agent

An investigation on Moringa oleifera fruit (drumstick)‐derived cellulose micro and nanofiber reinforced styrene butadiene rubber composites

Synergistic Effect of Partial Replacement of Carbon Black by Palm Kernel Shell Biochar in Carboxylated Nitrile Butadiene Rubber Composites

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