Cellulose and callose synthesis and organization in focus, what's new?

Abstract

Article available under the terms of the CC-BY-NC-ND licence (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/) eprints@whiterose.ac.uk https://eprints.whiterose.ac.uk/ Reuse Unless indicated otherwise, fulltext items are protected by copyright with all rights reserved. The copyright exception in section 29 of the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988 allows the making of a single copy solely for the purpose of non-commercial research or private study within the limits of fair dealing. The publisher or other rights-holder may allow further reproduction and re-use of this version -refer to the White Rose Research Online record for this item. Where records identify the publisher as the copyright holder, users can verify any specific terms of use on the publisher's website. TakedownIf you consider content in White Rose Research Online to be in breach of UK law, please notify us by emailing eprints@whiterose.ac.uk including the URL of the record and the reason for the withdrawal request. Abstract Plant growth and development are supported by plastic but strong cell walls. These walls consist largely of polysaccharides that vary in content and structure. Most of the polysaccharides are produced in the Golgi apparatus and are then secreted to the apoplast and built into the growing walls. However, the two glucan polymers cellulose and callose are synthesized at the plasma membrane by cellulose or callose synthase complexes, respectively. Cellulose is the most common cell wall polymer in land plants and provides strength to the walls to support directed cell expansion. In contrast, callose is integral to specialized cell walls, such as the cell plate that separates dividing cells and growing pollen tube walls, and maintains important functions during abiotic and biotic stress responses. The last years have seen a dramatic increase in our understanding of how cellulose and callose are manufactured, and new factors that regulate the synthases have been identified. Much of this knowledge has been amassed via various microscopy-based techniques, including various confocal techniques and super-resolution imaging. Here, we summarize and synthesize recent findings in the fields of cellulose and callose synthesis in plant biology. Title

SCYL2 Genes Are Involved in Clathrin-Mediated Vesicle Trafficking and Essential for Plant Growth

“…However, the mislocalization of CSLD3, a membrane protein, in root hairs of scyl2b mutants showed that SCYL2B plays a role in the vesicle trafficking pathway that mediates the PM localization of CSLD3 at the root hair tip. Previously, it was reported that CSLD3 is localized at the Golgi, ER, and PM (Favery et al, 2001;Bernal et al, 2008;Zeng and Keegstra, 2008;Park et al, 2011), and it was suggested that cellulose synthases, CSLD3 homologs, may be trafficked to the plasma membrane via the Golgi and TGN (Schneider et al, 2016). Taken together, these findings suggest that SCYL2B may be involved in the Golgi/TGN-mediated exocytosis/secretion of vesicles containing CSLD3.…”

Two Complementary Mechanisms Underpin Cell Wall Patterning during Xylem Vessel Development

“…Cell wall patterning has been attributed to MT-based guidance of CSCs (Oda and Fukuda, 2013;Schneider et al, 2016). While the guiding principles have been largely resolved for primary cell wall cellulose synthesis, the corresponding mechanisms for secondary wall deposition have remained ill defined.…”

“…These walls largely comprise polysaccharides, of which cellulose, an unbranched, linear b-1,4-linked glucan, forms a significant constituent. Cellulose is synthesized at the plasma membrane by large cellulose synthase (CesA) complexes (CSCs; Schneider et al, 2016). The CSCs are composed of a heterotrimeric configuration of 18 to 24 CesAs where CesA1,CesA3,CesA2,5,6, and 9) CesAs produce primary wall cellulose in Arabidopsis thaliana, and CesA4, CesA7, and CesA8 comprise the CSCs necessary to make secondary wall cellulose (Persson et al, 2007;Desprez et al, 2007;Taylor et al, 2003;Atanassov et al, 2009).…”

Comprehensive Transcriptome Analyses Reveal Differential Gene Expression Profiles of Camellia sinensis Axillary Buds at Para-, Endo-, Ecodormancy, and Bud Flush Stages

“…Cellulase 2 and polygalacturonase were also identified as DEGs involved in cell wall modification in dormant tea shoots in a previous study. Although the two glucan polymers cellulose and callose are synthesized at the plasma membrane by cellulose or callose synthase complexes, respectively, much cross-talk occurs between the two processes (Schneider et al, 2016). Additionally, cell wall modification can affect the structure of plasmodesmata, causing rapid change in intercellular communication in response to environmental signals (Knox and Benitez-Alfonso, 2014).…”