Cellulose Acetate Membranes: Fouling Types and Antifouling Strategies—A Brief Review

Abstract

Cellulose acetate (CA) is a semisynthetic, biodegradable polymer. Due to its characteristics, CA has several applications, including water membranes, filament-forming matrices, biomedical nanocomposites, household tools, and photographic films. This review deals with topics related to the CA membranes, which are prepared using different techniques, such as the phase inversion technique. CA membranes are considered very important since they can be used as microfiltration membranes (MF), ultrafiltration membranes (UF), nanofiltration membranes (NF), reverse osmosis (RO) membranes, and forward osmosis (FO) membranes. Membrane fouling results from the accumulation of materials that the membrane rejects on the surface or in the membrane’s pores, lowering the membrane’s flux and rejection rates. There are various forms of CA membrane fouling, for instance, organic, inorganic, particulate fouling, and biofouling. In this review, strategies used for CA membrane antifouling are discussed and summarized into four main techniques: feed solution pretreatment, cleaning of the membrane surface, membrane surface modification, which can be applied using either nanoparticles, polymer reactions, surface grafting, or surface topography, and surface coating.

Evaluation of the wound healing efficacy of new antibacterial polymeric nanofiber based on polyethylene oxide coated with copper nanoparticles and defensin peptide: An in-vitro to in-vivo assessment

“…There are various polymers that can be used to fabricate nanocomposites, including polyethylene oxide, polyvinyl alcohol, polyglycolic acid, cellulose acetate, chitosan, collagen, polybutylene succinate, and alginate [ [33] , [34] , [35] , [36] , [37] ]. These polymers have various medical applications, such as manufacturing contact lenses, eye drops, embolization particles, artificial cartilage, bone damage repair, scars and wounds healing, and cartilage repair [ [38] , [39] , [40] , [41] , [42] , [43] , [44] , [45] ]. Moreover, one of the most attractive polymers is polyethylene oxide.…”

A bibliometric analysis of cellulose anti-fouling in marine environments

“… Aspect Cellulose Anti-Fouling Ref Other Marine Coatings Ref Advantages Renewable and biodegradable [ 65 ] Wide range of options available [ 79 ] Eco-friendly [ 80 ] Effective in preventing biofouling [ 81 ] Low toxicity [ 82 ] Durable and long-lasting (X. [ 83 ]) Biocompatible [ 84 ] Adaptable to various substrates [ 85 ] Limitations Limited field application [ 86 ] Potential environmental impact [ 63 ] Varied effectiveness [ 87 ] Toxicity concerns [ 88 ] …”

“…In terms of limitations, cellulose anti-fouling faces challenges related to its field application and potential environmental impact ([ 86 ]; [ 63 ]). Effectiveness may vary depending on the application method and environmental conditions [ 87 ].…”

Comparative study on the rheological properties of cellulose acetate and double‐base propellant

“…Figure 1 shows the chemical structure of cellulose derivatives. CA is generated by acetic anhydride replacing ‐OH on cellulose backbone [8]. While NC is a nitrate ester of cellulose, the esterification process of NC is that ‐ONO 2 groups substitute the three reactive ‐OH groups on cellulose backbone [9].…”