Cellulose Acetate Based Nanocomposites for Biomedical Applications: A Review

Abstract

The development of polymer nanocomposites by incorporating variable nanofillers has attracted attention of scientists, researchers and industrial sectors due to their dramatic improvement in various properties. Cellulose acetate (CA) based nanocomposites have interesting history in the field of medical applications because CA meets a wide range of biomedical implant properties. Since cellulose acetate is considered as a biodegradable, renewable, non-corrosive, non-toxic and biocompatible material, it raised up the unique advantages over many other materials. This review is designed to provide a broad overview of cellulose acetate nanocomposites in the field of medical applications and medical devices.

Functional nanomaterials through esterification of cellulose: a review of chemistry and application

“…Cellulose acetate is the commercially most important cellulose ester due to its wide potential applications in fibers, plastics, films, membranes, and coatings (Bifari et al 2016;Dias and de Pinho 1999;Hou et al 2012;Kochkodan and Hilal 2015;Lu et al 2015a;Qasim et al 2015;Shibata 2004). Moreover, diverse cellulose acetate nanocomposites have potential applications as packaging, separation media, biomedical technologies and sensing (Bifari et al 2016;Konwarh et al 2013;Shibata 2004).…”

“…Moreover, diverse cellulose acetate nanocomposites have potential applications as packaging, separation media, biomedical technologies and sensing (Bifari et al 2016;Konwarh et al 2013;Shibata 2004). For instance, Saha et al (2016) prepared nanocomposite films using cellulose acetate, polyethylene glycol and cetyltrimethylammonium bromide modified montmorillonite.…”

Ultrabright fluorescent cellulose acetate nanoparticles for imaging tumors through systemic and topical applications

“…There is an enormous wealth of knowledge developed during the last century about production, doping, and functionalization of cellulose-based materials on a massive industrial scale. Cellulose acetate has been used in biomedical areas in drug packaging, antimicrobial composites, controlled drug release, wound dressing, bone repairing, and tissue engineering, 19 as a membrane support for various sensors 20,21 . Various optical materials have also been developed based on CA 22,23 .…”

Upconversion Spectral Rulers for Transcutaneous Displacement Measurements

“…While the purpose of the prototype was to show proof of principle rather than in vivo work, the materials are generally suitable for in vivo work. Specifically, the Gd 2 O 2 S upconversion phosphors are relatively well tolerated even when injected intravenously as nanoparticles up to at least 75 mg/kg in mouse models [26] and 400 mg/kg in rat models [27], and encapsulating microparticles into films would be expected to have lower toxicological profile (indeed, encapsulation is a common way to provide biocompatibility of even toxic implanted materials such as in liquid metal strain gauges and batteries); carboxymethyl cellulose is generally considered biocompatiable and has been used in mammary implants without ill effect [28]; the transparencies are made from cellulose acetate, which has been applied in a number of biomedical applications for drug release, tissue regeneration, and biosensors [29]; the paper is made from cellulose fibers and paper has been proposed for tissue scaffolds [30,31]; the laminating pouch is made from an inner hot-melt adhesive layer of ethylene-vinyl acetate (EVA) (generally considered biocompatible for some implant applications [32]), and an outer layer of polyethylene terephthalate (PET), which has been used ACL repair in sheep studies [33], and the surface can be modified with hydroxyapatite for osteointegration applications [34].…”