Cellulose

Abstract

Introduction and Historical Outline Occurrence Natural Sources Synthetic Cellulose Structure and Analysis Hydrogen Bonding Crystal Structure Morphology Analysis Physiological Function Biosynthesis Synthesis of Substrates for the Polymerizing Enzyme Polymerizing Enzyme System and Enzymology of Biosynthesis Genetic Basis of Synthesis Regulation of Synthesis Summarizing Open Questions in Research on Plant Cellulose Synthesis Biodegradation Intracellular Biodegradation Extracellular Biodegradation Biotechnological Production Properties Physical and Material Properties Chemical Properties Applications of Cellulose and Its Derivatives Technical Applications Other Applications Relevant Patents for Biosynthesis, Biodegradation, and Biological Applications Current Problems and Limitations Outlook and Perspectives

Graft copolymers of hydroxyethyl cellulose by a ‘grafting to’ method:15N labelling as a powerful characterisation tool in ‘click’ polymer chemistry

“…With an annual production of ~10 [11][12] tonnes [1][2][3] , cellulose is the most abundant bio-polymer on Earth and the major compound in the cell wall of plants. Cellulose possesses a supra-molecular structure which results from the presence of two H-bonding networks.…”

Structure and Mechanical Behavior of Cellulose Nanofiber and Micro-Fibrils by Molecular Dynamics Simulation

“…However, crystalline state of cellulose is likely to present many polymorphs. For example, there exist cellulose I-IV, or cellulose I-α and I-β, and so on [1]. In constructing a theoretical model, we downscale our view into ultimate (the smallest) scale of the material, where a cellulose exists as a single fiber (one molecule).…”

“…A basic element of cellulose substances is a small molecular chain which is composed of many pieces of a nano-sized structure of "cellulose monomer". As the second leveled structure of cellulose molecules, cellulose micro-fibril (MF) is constructed [1]. It is interesting from mechanical engineering viewpoint that, even though plants, tree and wood are natural biomass, they are basically made up of this single unit like synthetic polymers.…”

Preparation of an Antibacterial Poly(ionic liquid) Graft Copolymer of Hydroxyethyl Cellulose

“…In contrast to petroleum-based synthetic polymers, these polymers come from renewable sources. Cellulose is the most abundant biopolymer on Earth and is principally found in the cell walls of plants [1][2][3] . Cellulose, which is defined by the assembly of -D-anhydroglucopyranose (AGU) units 4 , presents interesting properties such as biocompatibility and high strength, however, its principal drawback is its insolubility in both organic and aqueous solvents, limiting considerably its use in industry 3,[5][6][7] .…”