Preparation of an Antibacterial Poly(ionic liquid) Graft Copolymer of Hydroxyethyl Cellulose

Dong

Macromol. Rapid Commun.

et al. 2019

little is known about the effects of PIL topology on bactericidal properties.Due to the absence of chain ends and steric constraints, cyclic polymers are one of the most intriguing nonlinear polymer topologies because they exhibit distinct properties in comparison with their linear counterparts. [9] For instance, Grayson and coworkers demonstrated that cyclic poly(ethylene imine) (PEI) exhibits a higher transfection efficiency when compared to its linear PEI analog in addition to reduced toxicity relative to the branched PEI "goldstandard" control. [10] Recent studies have also suggested that a cyclic hydrophilic moiety offers greater stability for selfassembled micelles than a linear analog. [11] In particular, the Benetti group studied how the topology effects typically displayed by cyclic poly(2-ethyl-2-oxazoline) (PEOXA) in solution manifested for brush assemblies generated on surfaces. It was demonstrated that the topological effects of the brush assemblies imparted by the cyclic polymer architecture translated into an enhancement of the brush properties, such as steric stabilization of surfaces, antifouling and lubricating behavior. [12] Inspired by these advances, in this study, we focused on the preparation of cyclic PIL brushes by the "grafting to" technique and systematically compared the bactericidal activity of linear brush analogs. In particular, the objective of this work was to explore whether the cyclic PIL architecture would impart PILs with enhanced properties in bactericidal activity, thus expanding the design possibilities for the development of excellent antibacterial surfaces.Herein, well-defined linear PIL adsorbates, in which the tertbutyldimethylsilyl ether and sulfonyl fluoride groups are at the α and ω positions of the polymer chains, were synthesized by reversible addition-fragmentation chain transfer (RAFT) polymerization using a heterodifunctional trithiocarbonate RAFT agent (Scheme 1). Cyclic PIL adsorbates were then conveniently obtained by intramolecular sulfur(VI)-fluoride exchange (SuFEx) click cyclization of the linear PILs in air at room temperature. In particular, both linear and cyclic PILs contain catechol groups that allow them to be efficiently grafted onto gold surfaces. [13] Subsequently, the morphologies of cyclic PIL brushes were characterized by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and atomic force microscopy (AFM). The topological effects of cyclic PIL brushes on bactericidal activity were evaluated using the most common catheter-associated urinary tract infection pathogen-Escherichia coli [14] -and compared with those of the respective linear precursor.In addition to extensive studies of conventional linear poly(ionic liquids) (PILs), exploration of the effects of PIL topology, especially cyclic architecture, on bactericidal properties will expand the design possibilities for the development of excellent antibacterial surfaces. Herein, the preparation of antibacterial surfaces based on cyclic PIL brushes is reported for the first time and how the cyclic PIL architec...

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Enhancement of Bactericidal Activity via Cyclic Poly(cationic liquid) Brushes

Dong

Macromol. Rapid Commun.

et al. 2019

“…Subsequently, the same group also investigated the antibacterial application of HEC by the incorporation of poly(ionic liquid). 30 The copolymers have shown good antibacterial activity against Gram-negative bacteria. However, the inhibitory effect on S. aureus was relatively weak, whereas effective antiadhesion performance was observed in the previous report.…”

Section: Modified or Functionalized Natural Polysaccharidesmentioning

confidence: 97%

Antimicrobial Carbohydrate-Based Macromolecules: Their Structures and Activities

Zhang

2020

J. Org. Chem.

Emerging drug resistance is creating an urgent demand for new antimicrobial therapeutics. Besides the development of conventional antibiotics, antimicrobial agents with novel mechanisms have attracted great attention, such as antimicrobial peptides and polymers. Interactions between carbohydrates and proteins on microbes are believed to be the first step of pathogenesis. Thus, considerable efforts have been made on the development of carbohydrate-containing molecules in antimicrobial research. Recent progress of glycosylated macromolecules for antimicrobial applications has been discussed with an emphasis on synthetic glycosylated materials.

“…To tackle this problem, vinyl poly(ionic liquids) may be blended with biodegradable synthetic polymers (e.g., polycaprolactone, polylactide, polyglycolide, poly(lactide-coglycolide), poly(hydroxy butyrate), poly(butylene adipate) or polyorthoesters), or natural polymers (e.g., alginate, chitosan, carrageenan, hyaluronic acid, gelatin, or collagen) to increase their biodegradability. [157][158][159] In addition, biopolymers may be structurally modified with ionic liquids. [160][161][162] Poly(ionic liquids)s consisting of biodegradable segments can also be prepared, for example, via polycondensation of 1,2-bis[N-(N′hydroxylalkylimidazolium)]ethane salts with different diacid chlorides; the latter include adipoyl chloride, succinyl chloride, sebacoyl chloride, and terephthaloyl chloride.…”

Section: Figure 15mentioning

confidence: 99%

Antimicrobial Ionic Liquid‐Based Materials for Biomedical Applications

Nikfarjam

Ghomi

Agarwal

et al. 2021

Adv Funct Materials

154

120

Excessive and unwarranted administration of antibiotics has invigorated the evolution of multidrug-resistant microbes. There is, therefore, an urgent need for advanced active compounds. Ionic liquids with short-lived ion-pair structures are highly tunable and have diverse applications. Apart from their unique physicochemical features, the newly discovered biological activities of ionic liquids have fascinated biochemists, microbiologists, and medical scientists. In particular, their antimicrobial properties have opened new vistas in overcoming the current challenges associated with combating antibioticresistant pathogens. Discussions regarding ionic liquid derivatives in monomeric and polymeric forms with antimicrobial activities are presented here. The antimicrobial mechanism of ionic liquids and parameters that affect their antimicrobial activities, such as chain length, cation/anion type, cation density, and polymerization, are considered. The potential applications of ionic liquids in the biomedical arena, including regenerative medicine, biosensing, and drug/biomolecule delivery, are presented to stimulate the scientific community to further improve the antimicrobial efficacy of ionic liquids.