Cellular Senescence and Inflammaging in the Skin Microenvironment

Abstract

Cellular senescence and aging result in a reduced ability to manage persistent types of inflammation. Thus, the chronic low-level inflammation associated with aging phenotype is called “inflammaging”. Inflammaging is not only related with age-associated chronic systemic diseases such as cardiovascular disease and diabetes, but also skin aging. As the largest organ of the body, skin is continuously exposed to external stressors such as UV radiation, air particulate matter, and human microbiome. In this review article, we present mechanisms for accumulation of senescence cells in different compartments of the skin based on cell types, and their association with skin resident immune cells to describe changes in cutaneous immunity during the aging process.

Synergistic Effect of 300 μm Needle-Depth Fractional Microneedling Radiofrequency on the Treatment of Senescence-Induced Aging Hyperpigmentation of the Skin

“…Among them, keratinocytes are the main type of cells that are involved in the initiation of melanogenesis in the skin. Due to chronic UVR exposure, senescent keratinocytes secrete α-melanocyte stimulating hormone, endothelin (ET)-1, and stem cell factor in a p53-proopiomelanocortin (POMC)-dependent manner; the subsequent activation of MITF then plays a critical role in the cascade involved in the induction of melanogenesis [ 3 , 21 , 22 , 23 ].…”

Flavonoids in Skin Senescence Prevention and Treatment

“…While most of UVC is blocked by the ozone layer, the UVA and UVB contribute to skin senescence and inflammation by activating SASP genes like IL-1, IL-6, and MMPs [24]. In turn, both UVA and UVB can downregulate tumour growth factor (TGF)-β, resulting in reduced collagen type I synthesis, leading to dermal thinning and wrinkle formation [25].…”

The Impact of Vitamin D on Skin Aging

“…The process of chronological aging is associated with immunological alteration and the imbalance between inflammatory and anti-inflammatory mechanisms, leading to a chronic low-grade inflammation, known as "inflammaging" state [217,218]. The "inflammaging" phenotype of the skin and hair follicles is a result of both chronic antigen stimulation and continued exposure to oxidative stress caused by ROS and RNS [219,220]. With advancing age, skin is affected by the profound remodeling of the immune system, leading to a decline in its adaptive capacity [221,222].…”