Cellular Pathway(S) of Antigen Processing and Presentation in Fish APC: Endosomal Involvement and Cell‐Free Antigen Presentation

Fish Cytokines and Immune Response

“…The thymus, another lymphoid organ situated near the opercular cavity in teleosts, produces T lymphocytes involved in allograft rejection, stimulation of phagocytosis and antibody production by B cells [10,11]. The spleen is a large, blood-filtering organ that undergoes increasing structural complexity in order to augment its efficiency in trapping and processing antigens [12][13][14][15]. Melanomacrophage centres are present for clearance of ingested material and can be surrounded by immunoglobulin-positive cells, especially after immunization [8].…”

In vitrodegradation ofAeromonas salmonicidaandLimulus polyphemushemocyanin by Atlantic salmon,Salmo salarL. macrophages

“…Also, the lysosomotropic agent, ammonium chloride, inhibited the process of antigen degradation. Ammonium chloride does not inhibit phagocytosis per se (Vallejo et al, 1992b;Espelid & Jørgensen, 1992), but raises the pH of endosomes and lysosomes and thus inhibits enzymes with acid pH-optima. Although nonlysosomal forms of cathepsin D and some of the cysteine proteinases have recently been described (Diment et al, 1988;Guagliardi et al, 1990), the strong inhibitory e#ect provided by ammonium chloride makes it unlikely that extra-lysosomal degradation takes place in Atlantic salmon macrophages.…”

Induction of specific cytotoxic T-cell activity against xenogeneic target cells in carp (Cyprinus carpio)

“…23,24 Use of antigenpulsed B cells or monocytes as antigen-presenting cells resulted in antibody production and mixed leukocyte reactions in blood lymphocytes. 23,24 Use of antigenpulsed B cells or monocytes as antigen-presenting cells resulted in antibody production and mixed leukocyte reactions in blood lymphocytes.…”