Cellular Localization and Production of Lovastatin from Monascus purpureus

Abstract

Seenivasan, et al.: Studies on Biosynthesis of LovastatinLovastatin is the first FDA-approved antihypercholesterolemic drug for the treatment of cardiovascular diseases. Monascus purpureus is one of the safest molds for the production of lovastatin that has been used in the preparation of Chinese medicine Red-yeast rice. This investigation dealt with the effect of both static and dynamic culture conditions on the morphological change and localization of lovastatin in Monascus purpureus. In dynamic culture condition, pellet morphology was observed and the maximum intra-and extra-cellular components of lovastatin including both β-hydroxy acid and lactone forms were 1043.45 and 207.94 μg/l, respectively. Filamentous (mat) form of morphology was observed in the static culture condition and the intra-and extracellular concentration of lovastatin were 677.9 and 789.2 μg/l, respectively. Taguchi's L 12 (11 2 ) orthogonal arrays was employed to find the optimal conditions for the submerged production of lovastatin and for the growth of Monascus purpureus. Three physical and five chemical variables were considered in the current experimental study. The maximum production of lovastatin was observed to be 3.66 mg/l. Among the chemical parameters, MnSO 4 and MgSO 4 were the most significant parameters for the production of lovastatin. Physical parameters, viz., agitation rate and temperature, were also equally significant for the production of lovastatin. Ammonium chloride was the most significant parameter among the variables studied for the growth of Monascus purpureus, followed by glucose and phosphorous sources (KH 2 PO 4 ). Statistical analysis showed that those parameters were significant with more than 99 % confidence (p<0.01).

Lovastatin production by an oleaginous fungus, Aspergillus terreus KPR12 using sago processing wastewater (SWW)

“…1 ). The physicochemical and pharmaceutical properties of these two forms are different and interchangeable [ 6 , 41 ]. In the broth culture media, the filamentous fungi secrete lovastatin mostly in its hydroxy acid form.…”

“…In contrast, the extracellular fraction of SM and SWW revealed a distinct pattern, such as stationary phase lines indicated the presence of non-lovastatin compounds. It has been reported three different maximum absorptions at 232, 238, and 247 nm of pure lovastatin, suggesting its better identification from other compounds, which is due to the presence of dienes [ 6 , 42 ]. The spectrophotometric analysis of lovastatin is easy, quick, eco-friendly, and less laborious than other analytical techniques.…”

An overview of Monascus fermentation processes for monacolin K production

“…Inorganic salts are also essential in SmF by Monascus, such as metal ions such as Fe 2+ , Ca 2+ , Zn 2+ , Cu 2+ , Mg 2+ and Mn 2+ , which have been shown to promote cell growth and MK synthesis of Monascus in SmF [51]. Studies have shown that Mg 2+ and Mn 2+ have the most significant positive effect on MK production by Monascus SmF compared with other inorganic salts [52], and these two inorganic salts can even orchestrate their positive effects on MK synthesis when both are present [46]. In addition, Plackett-Burman design was used in other studies to analyze the effects of different inorganic salts on MK yield from Monascus.…”

Pembuatan Tablet Hisap Campuran Jambu Biji Merah (Psidium guajava L.) dan Angkak (Monascus purpureus) Menggunakan Metode Kempa Langsung dan Granulasi Kering

“…FDA (Food and Drug Administration) menerima Lovastatin sebagai obat antikolesterol pertama untuk terapi penyakit jantung dan kardiovaskuler (Seenivasan, Venkatesan, & Panda, 2018). Dari enam puluh orang pasien post CABG yang diberikan statin dan vitamin C hanya 10% yang mengalami fibrilasi atrial sedangkan pada kelompok kontrol yang tidak diberikan vitamin C mencapai 25% (Samadikhah et al, 2014).…”

“…Keberadaan vitamin C menurunkan stabilitas ikatan antara lovastatin dengan enzim pencernaan, sehingga meningkatkan konsentrasi lovastatin bebas (Yang et al, 2020). Produksi lovastatin paling aman berasal dari kapang Monascus purpureus yang terdapat pada angkak (Seenivasan et al, 2018).…”