Cellular localization and distribution of dopamine D4 receptors in the rat cerebral cortex and their relationship with the cortical dopaminergic and noradrenergic nerve terminal networks

In Vivo Two-Photon Ca2+ Imaging Reveals Selective Reward Effects on Stimulus-Specific Assemblies in Mouse Visual Cortex

“…7). This suggests that the mechanisms conveying reward information do so selectively on local groups of neurons and raises the hypothesis that reinforcement-signaling axons terminate sparsely in V1 (Febvret et al, 1991;Müller and Huston, 2007;Rivera et al, 2008), only affecting neurons located in close proximity to these afferents. Such a mechanism could explain the close proximity of CSϩ tuned neighbors, as the effects of reward on the primary visual cortex will be centered around hotspots of reinforcement-gated plasticity.…”

“…Appetitive conditioning renders a subset of neurons sensitive to the timing of upcoming reward in rat primary visual cortex (Shuler and Bear, 2006), and has been associated with enhanced visual evoked potentials (Hernandez-Peon, 1961;Frankó et al, 2010) and lower detection thresholds for conditioned stimuli ). Different mechanisms have been suggested to underlie effects of reward on the visual cortex, depending either on mesencephalic dopaminergic efferents (Febvret et al, 1991;Bao et al, 2001;Müller and Huston, 2007;Rivera et al, 2008), cholinergic efferents (Gavornik et al, 2009), or cortical feedback loops (Pennartz, 1997;Pennartz et al, 2000;Roelfsema and van Ooyen, 2005;Roelfsema et al, 2010). Despite these efforts, it remains unknown how the acquisition of a reward association alters representations in neuronal assemblies in visual cortex for stimulus features that are predictive of reward.…”

Milnacipran enhances the control of impulsive action by activating D1-like receptors in the infralimbic cortex

“…Thus, we could not determine whether 3 g/side of eticlopride did not reverse the effect of milnacipran or the effect of 3 g/side of eticlopride on milnacipran-suppressed premature response was masked by increased the number of omission. Nevertheless, the facts that intra-IL injection of D 1 -like receptor antagonist almost completely blocked the effect of milnacipran on premature response ( Figure 2A) and that D 2 -like receptors in the mPFC, especially in the IL, are sparsely distributed compared to D 1 -like receptors (Richfield et al 1989;Gaspar et al 1995;Le Moine and Gaspar 1998;Rivera et al 2008;Oda et al 2010) are damping the idea that D 2 -like receptors in the IL associate with milnacipran-enhanced impulse control.…”

The rat perirhinal cortex: A review of anatomy, physiology, plasticity, and function

“…The perirhinal cortex can also sustain dopaminergic transmission (Pum et al, 2007); it expresses D1 and D2 dopamine receptors across all layers (Richfield et al, 1989;Goldsmith and Joyce, 1994), D4 receptors (Rivera et al, 2008) and dopamine transporters (Belcher et al, 2005). Based on several tracing studies, there are low levels of GABAergic input to the perirhinal cortex (Christie et al, 1987;Kosaka et al, 1987;Beart et al, 1990;Vaucher et al, 2000) but GABAergic inputs from the temporal and entorhinal cortices have been identified (Garden et al, 2002).…”