Cellular inhibitor of apoptosis protein 2 controls human colonic epithelial restitution, migration, and Rac1 activation

Transforming Growth Factor β1/SMAD Signaling Pathway Activation Protects the Intestinal Epithelium from Clostridium difficile Toxin A-Induced Damage

“…The antiapoptotic effect found in this study is consistent with earlier reports showing that TGF-␤1 increases mRNA expression of cellular inhibitor of apoptosis protein 2 (cIAP2) in Caco2 cells (human colonic cell line), which could explain the antiapoptotic effects of TGF-␤1 (29). Additionally, TGF-␤1 protects a cell line from human colorectal cancer (DLD-1) from cell death induced by hydrogen peroxide (H 2 O 2 ) by increasing expression of glutathione peroxidase 1 (GPx-1); this event was mediated by activation of the TGF-␤1 signaling pathway by type I receptor (T␤RI)/SMAD2/ERK1/ 2/HIF-1␣ protein association and activation (30).…”

“…However, the relationship between TGF-␤1 and activation of Wnt/␤-catenin/LEF1/TCF in preventing the antiproliferative effect of TcdA needs to be clarified. As previously mentioned, TGF-␤1 also increases the expression of cIAP2, a protein responsible for the inhibition of apoptosis, and this, in turn, increases wound healing of the intestine (29). It is known that epithelial ulcer closure occurs by a reciprocal action between the epithelial cells and the underlying stroma and involves a number of growth factors, including TGF-␤1 (39).…”

“…In this study, we investigated the repair at 24 h. Our results suggest that both migration and proliferation contribute to TGF-␤1induced repair. Thus, it is possible that TGF-␤1 acts in two ways: (i) by promoting cell proliferation and/or (ii) through its indirect effect on the migration process (29,40). It is noteworthy, however, that in many systems, TGF-␤1 has an antiproliferative effect.…”

LOVTRAP: an optogenetic system for photoinduced protein dissociation

“…The primary antibodies (mouse monoclonal anti-Rac1 antibody from Cytoskeleton, Inc., Cat. # ARC03, 1:500 dilution 28 ; mouse monoclonal anti-GFP Antibody from Clontech, Cat# 632381, 1:1000 dilution 29 ; and mouse monoclone anti-human vinculin antibody Clone h-VIN1 from Sigma, Cat# V9131, 1:200 dilution 30 ) in TBST were placed on the membrane and incubated at 4°C overnight. After three washings with TBST over 5 min, the second antibody (Anti-mouse IGG, conjugated with DyLight680, from Cell Signaling, Cat#5470P, 1:10,000 dilution 31 ) was applied.…”

Purified rutin and rutin‐rich asparagus attenuates disease severity and tissue damage following dextran sodium sulfate‐induced colitis

“…Several unique and overlapping mediators of epithelial restitution and barrier assembly , were also modulated by ASP and RUT. Members of the Rho subfamily of small GTPases, RhoA , and Rac1 , which are important in cell migration, actin cytoskeleton reorganization, and formation of cellular junctions , were upregulated by RUT and ASP. These findings were confirmed by increased colonic protein levels of GTP‐bound (i.e.…”