Cellular Factors That Regulate Retrovirus Uncoating and Reverse Transcription

Goff, Stephen P.

doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-811185-7.00002-9

Cited by 2 publications

(2 citation statements)

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“…In order for the host to survive, several anti-viral strategies have evolved in response to retroviral infections. Small piwi interacting RNA (piRNA) molecules or small interacting RNA (siRNA) have been found to silence transposons in germinal cells [38][39][40], DNA methylation can also inhibit transcription and several host genes have been shown to have antiretroviral properties [41]. piRNAs have been found in koalas, highly expressed within testicular tissue, but also expressed in other tissues including brain, liver, and lymph nodes [21].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Cellular genes that encode restriction factors, such as those belonging to the cytidine deaminases, have shown significant antiretroviral properties, including inhibition of viral transcription. Examples of antiretroviral cellular genes are APOBEC3, SAMHD1, and MX2 [41]. A recent study found the addition of a mouse homolog of APOBEC3 significantly reduces the infectivity of KoRV in vitro [43].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Molecular Diagnosis of Koala Retrovirus (KoRV) in South Australian Koalas (Phascolarctos cinereus)

Stephenson

Speight

Low

et al. 2021

Animals

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Koala retrovirus, a recent discovery in Australian koalas, is endogenised in 100% of northern koalas but has lower prevalence in southern populations, with lower proviral and viral loads, and an undetermined level of endogenisation. KoRV has been associated with lymphoid neoplasia, e.g., lymphoma. Recent studies have revealed high complexity in southern koala retroviral infections, with a need to clarify what constitutes positive and negative cases. This study aimed to define KoRV infection status in Mount Lofty Ranges koalas in South Australia using RNA-seq and proviral analysis (n = 216). The basis for positivity of KoRV was deemed the presence of central regions of the KoRV genome (gag 2, pol, env 1, and env 2) and based on this, 41% (89/216) koalas were positive, 57% (124/216) negative, and 2% inconclusive. These genes showed higher expression in lymph node tissue from KoRV positive koalas with lymphoma compared with other KoRV positive koalas, which showed lower, fragmented expression. Terminal regions (LTRs, partial gag, and partial env) were present in SA koalas regardless of KoRV status, with almost all (99.5%, 215/216) koalas positive for gag 1 by proviral PCR. Further investigation is needed to understand the differences in KoRV infection in southern koala populations.

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