Cellular alteration after dilution of cryoprotective solutions used for the vitrification of in vitro-produced bovine embryos

Vitrification of ICSI- and IVF-derived bovine blastocysts by minimum volume cooling procedure: effect of developmental stage and age

“…A possible adverse effect of the cryopreservation process is to reduce the ability of the postwarming embryos to continue mitotic division [35], or to induce apoptosis or necrosis in some embryonic cells, especially ICM cells [36]. In the present study, except for IVF-derived Day-7…”

Efeito do transporte no desenvolvimento de embriões bovinos cultivados in vitro a fresco ou reaquecidos após vitrificação

“…Esse resultado pode ter sido ocasionado pela alta concentração de crioprotetores utilizada nos procedimentos de vitrificação. Segundo Kaidi et al (1999), concentrações hiperosmóticas de crioprotetores durante o equilí-brio podem promover alterações no volume celular ocasionando danos na membrana celular e, conseqüentemente, afetando a sobrevivência dos embriões. Neste experimento, a intensa desidratação sofrida pelos embriões vitrificados foi evidenciada pela perda parcial ou total da blastocele.…”

The optimal timing of blastocyst vitrification after trophectoderm biopsy of preimplantation genetic screening

“…A major difficulty with this approach is that the high cryoprotectant concentrations required for avoiding crystal formation increase the risk of osmotic and toxic damage [33]. Although vitrification shows a high survival rate, the reduction of osmotic shock and toxicity by employing an appropriate equilibration step or cryoprotectant exposure time is critical to improving survival rates and embryo development [34][35][36][37]. Moreover, Gajda and Smorag (2002) [38] reported that the vitrification solution was more toxic to hatched porcine blastocysts (a broken zona) than to expanded blastocysts.…”