Cellular Activation by Plasmid DNA in Various Macrophages in Primary Culture

TLR9‐dependent systemic interferon‐β production by intravenous injection of plasmid DNA/cationic liposome complex in mice

“…Moreover, Lones et al 33 reported that the kinetics of serum TNF‐α induced by intravenous injection of CpG lipoplex was comparable with the kinetics of intracellular TNF‐α in the spleen but not in the liver. Our previous study has also shown that splenic macrophages responded to CpG lipoplex and induced TNF‐α, whereas other resident macrophage‐like cells, such as peritoneal macrophages, hepatic nonparenchymal cells and mesangial cells, did not 20. The results obtained in the present study demonstrate that the spleen is involved in the production of the inflammatory cytokine, IL‐6, which is in a good agreement with previous studies.…”

“…hepatic Kupffer cells and splenic macrophages) are found to play a pivotal role in the uptake of lipoplex 16–19. Kupffer cells, splenic macrophages and other resident macrophages express TLR9 mRNA and protein 20. Functional depletion of Kupffer cells and splenic macrophages significantly reduces the lipoplex‐induced production of inflammatory cytokines 17, 21, suggesting that these resident macrophages are the major source of these cytokines.…”

Detection of human papillomavirus L1 gene DNA fragments in postmortem blood and spleen after Gardasil<sup>®</sup> vaccination—A case report

“…phages [41][42][43][44][45][46] is to cause release of various cytokines, including tumor necrosis factor (TNF), a recognized myocardial depressant [47][48][49][50][51]. TNF-induced hypotensive shock is a documented observation among animals Base-calling electropherogram of DNA sequencing on HPV PCR amplicon from postmortem splenic DNA.…”

A Novel Micro-Linear Vector for In Vitro and In Vivo Gene Delivery and Its Application for EBV Positive Tumors

“…Unmethylated CpG dinucleotides, or CpG motifs, which are uncommon in mammalian DNA, stimulate immune cells through Toll-like receptor 9 (TLR9). This recognition results in the production of pro-inflammatory cytokines, especially when DNA is administered as a DNA/cationic liposome complex [21], [22]. Our results revealed that in vivo inflammatory response levels (levels of TNF-α, IL-6 and IL-12) of pEGFP-N3 group were significantly higher than in the eGFP -MiLV group, which elevates the in vivo gene delivery safety of MiLV.…”