Cells from Mature Human Milk are Capable of Cytokine Production Following in Vitro Stimulation

Hawkes, Joanna S.; Bryan, Dani-Louise; Gibson, Robert

doi:10.1007/978-1-4757-4242-8_66

Cited by 9 publications

(4 citation statements)

References 6 publications

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“…Benefits of HM are mediated by specific bioactive substances that transiently regulate tissue activities while the neonate's systems mature [7,8]. Biological active components, such as hormones, immunoglobulins, lysozyme, lactoferrin, saccharides, nucleotides growth factors and enzymes antioxidants, are involved in immunological and metabolic regulation, and it has been hypothesized that they mediate growth and development in infancy [9,10]. Furthermore, HM is a "dynamic" system: the composition changes and is influenced by several conditions, such as term-preterm delivery, maternal diet, metabolic abnormalities and pathologies [11].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Influence of Diabetes during Pregnancy on Human Milk Composition

Peila

Gazzolo²,

Bertino

et al. 2020

Nutrients

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Human milk (HM) is a unique nourishment believed to contain biological factors contributing to both short and long-term benefits. Considering that a mother’s own milk is often considered the first choice for nutrition of neonates, an aspect of increased interest is the possible effect of diabetes on the mammary gland and therefore on breast milk composition. This article aims to review the published literature on this topic, and to offer additional insights on the role of this disease on the composition of HM. This review was performed by searching the MEDLINE, EMBASE, CINHAL and Cochrane Library databases. A total of 50 articles were selected, focused specifically on one of the two types of diabetes: gestational diabetes mellitus (21 studies) and insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus (8 studies). Overall, the findings from the literature suggest that diabetes can alter the composition of HM. Nevertheless, the studies in this field are scarce, and the related protocols present some limitations, e.g., evaluating the variability of just a few specific milk biochemical markers in association with this syndrome.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Influence of Diabetes during Pregnancy on Human Milk Composition

Peila

Gazzolo²,

Bertino

et al. 2020

Nutrients

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“…Human breast milk comprises a variety of nutrients, cytokines, peptides, enzymes, cells, immunoglobulins, proteins and steroids specially suited to meet the needs of newborn infants ( 1 , 2 ). Breast milk has benefits on preventing metabolic disorders and chronic diseases and is referred to as “functional food” due to its roles other than nutrition ( 1 , 2 ). It contains 87-90% water and is the main source of water for newborns ( 3 , 4 , 5 ).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Adipokines in Breast Milk: An Update

Çatlı¹,

Dündar²,

Dündar³

2014

Jcrpe

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Epidemiological surveys indicate that nutrition in infancy is implicated in the long-term tendency to obesity and that a longer duration of breastfeeding is associated with a protective effect against metabolic disorders later in life. However, the precise cause of this association is not well understood. Recent studies on the compounds present in human breast milk have identified various adipokines, including leptin, adiponectin, resistin, obestatin, nesfatin, ghrelin and apelins. Some of these compounds are involved in the regulation of food intake and energy balance. The presence of these adipokines in breast milk suggests that they may be responsible for the regulation of growth in early infancy and that they could influence the energy balance and development of metabolic disorders in childhood and adulthood.

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“…However, such techniques to describe immune factors in milk do not describe how they interact to produce immune activity in milk. Responses of isolated milk leukocytes have been characterized (via cytokine production) after incubation with or without a bacterial stimulus (Hawkes et al, 2004). However, because this method isolates cells from milk, it provides a cellular-level, rather than system-level, outcome, as it does not describe how the immune factors present in milk interact to produce immune activity.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

In Vitro Stimulation of Whole Milk Specimens: A Field-Friendly Method to Assess Milk Immune Activity

et al. 2021

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Background The immune system of milk protects against infections and guides immune system development. A system-level understanding of milk immune activity is critical for research into infant infectious disease risk and lifelong health. Research aim To describe a protocol to characterize immune activity in human milk via in vitro stimulation for use in population-based (rather than clinical) research. Methods This study proceeded in two phases, each with a cross-sectional design. Human milk specimens were incubated for 24 hr at 37 °C in mammalian cell culture medium with stimuli (e.g., Salmonella enterica) in a CO2-enriched environment. Immune responses to stimuli were characterized as the change in cytokine: [stimulated]/[baseline]. Predictors of cytokine responses were evaluated with generalized linear models. Results Patterns were detectable across mother–child dyads: Interleukin-6 responses to stimuli were generally positively associated with child age and with maternal autoimmune disease. Conclusions Our method allows characterization of pro-inflammatory milk immune activity in vitro in population-based (rather than clinical) research settings. In vitro activity has a system-level interpretation and is likely to be of broad utility in global health research in settings with high infectious disease risk, where understanding the immune system of milk is critical to understanding maternal and child health.

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Cells from Mature Human Milk are Capable of Cytokine Production Following in Vitro Stimulation

Cited by 9 publications

References 6 publications

Influence of Diabetes during Pregnancy on Human Milk Composition

Influence of Diabetes during Pregnancy on Human Milk Composition

Adipokines in Breast Milk: An Update

In Vitro Stimulation of Whole Milk Specimens: A Field-Friendly Method to Assess Milk Immune Activity

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