Cell Wall Loosening by Expansins

Cosgrove, Daniel J.

doi:10.1104/pp.118.2.333

Cited by 227 publications

(150 citation statements)

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“…Many expansin genes have been isolated from a variety of plant species and it has been shown that they form a multigene family (Cosgrove, 1998). Li et al (2002) have recently classified the expansins into the ␣-, ␤-, and ␥-expansin subfamilies based on their phylogenetic relationship.…”

Section: The Gmexp1 and Gmexp2 Genes Are New Members Of The ␣-Expansimentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The expansin genes fall into three subfamilies, called the ␣-, ␤-, and ␥-expansin subfamilies (Li et al, 2002). The ␣-expansins compose a major portion of the expansins, including the ones from tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum; Keller and Cosgrove, 1995), rice (Oryza sativa; Cho and Kende, 1997a), oat (Avena sativa; , and Arabidopsis (Cosgrove, 1998;Li et al, 2002). The ␣-expansin subfamily can be further divided into A, B, C, and D groups, as suggested by Link and Cosgrove (1998).…”

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Expression of an Expansin Gene Is Correlated with Root Elongation in Soybean

et al. 2003

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Expansin is a family of proteins that catalyze long-term expansion of cell walls and has been considered a principal protein that affects cell expansion in plants. We have identified the first root-specific expansin gene in soybean (Glycine max), GmEXP1, which may be responsible for root elongation. Expression levels of GmEXP1 were very high in the roots of 1-to 5-d-old seedlings, in which rapid root elongation takes place. Furthermore, GmEXP1 mRNA was most abundant in the root tip region, where cell elongation occurs, but scarce in the region of maturation, where cell elongation ceases, implying that its expression is closely related to root development processes. In situ hybridization showed that GmEXP1 transcripts were preferentially present in the epidermal cells and underlying cell layers in the root tip of the primary and secondary roots. Ectopic expression of GmEXP1 accelerated the root growth of transgenic tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum) seedlings, and the roots showed insensitivity to obstacle-touching stress. These results imply that the GmEXP1 gene plays an important role in root development in soybean, especially in the elongation and/or initiation of the primary and secondary roots.The root is a plant organ that has adapted to acquire water and nutrients from the environment (Schiefelbein et al., 1997). The root system has recently been the focus of interest as a useful system for understanding organ development because it is a relatively simple organ, its growth pattern is uniform, and it has a small number of differentiated cell types (Aeschbacher et al., 1994). Furthermore, the development of new roots (secondary or lateral roots) from an existing root (primary root) provides a novel opportunity to investigate cellular differentiation and development in plants.Although the primary and secondary roots share many basic structural features, they are different in their origin (Scheres et al., 1996). A basic feature of the root is its radial pattern, which is made up of concentric layers of tissues. Three fundamental types of the tissues are the epidermis, the cortex, and the vascular tissues (Esau, 1977;Dolan et al., 1993;Raven et al., 1999). In the longitudinal section, the root can be divided into three different regions: those of cell division, elongation, and maturation (specialization) (Dolan et al., 1993;Baluska et al., 1996;Howell, 1998;Raven et al., 1999). The region of cell division contains the root apical meristem, which carries out new cell divisions but does not elongate newly divided cells immediately. The cells derived from the region of cell division expand and elongate mostly in the region of elongation. After they have elongated, the cells begin to differentiate in the region of maturation, where root hairs and the secondary roots are initiated. The events of cell elongation and maturation occurring in the root have been suggested to be controlled by the extensibility of the cell wall and the turgor pressure inside the cell (Cosgrove, 1996).It has been proposed that development of the s...

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Section: The Gmexp1 and Gmexp2 Genes Are New Members Of The ␣-Expansimentioning

confidence: 99%

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confidence: 99%

Expression of an Expansin Gene Is Correlated with Root Elongation in Soybean

et al. 2003

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“…Stress relaxation is thought to be regulated, at least in part, by wall-loosening factors. A family of cell wall-loosening proteins, the expansins, was recently discovered by Cosgrove and coworkers (for a review, see Cosgrove, 1998). They are thought to mediate cell expansion by disrupting noncovalent bonds between wall polymers, most likely between CMFs and hemicelluloses.…”

Section: Ga Also Enhances Cell Elongationmentioning

confidence: 99%

Deepwater Rice: A Model Plant to Study Stem Elongation

Knaap²,

1998

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“…where a hardening potential is assumed as 10 Proseus and Boyer [16] suggested that there are two kinds of intermolecular bonds in a cell wall matrix; the strong bonds which are responsible for growth, and the weak bonds which are attributed to elastic extension. This suggestion leads to the assumption that the viscoelastic response is unaffected by plastic flow which provides the physical basis for the multiplicative decomposition (6) and the viscoelastic formulation on the intermediate configuration.…”

Section: Thermodynamic Aspectsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…expansins, and the turgor pressure is actively maintained by the cell itself, so that stress is a passive driving force for expansion in the sense that chemical regulation actively controls the growth. The role of expansins in cell wall loosening is reviewed by Cosgrove [10][11] [12] and by Choi et al [13].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%