Cell therapy for neuropathic pain

Neuropathic pain is a debilitating condition characterized by abnormal signaling within the nervous system, resulting in persistent and often intense sensations of pain. It can arise from various causes, including traumatic nerve injury, neuropathy, and certain diseases. We present an overview of current and emerging pharmacotherapies for neuropathic pain, focusing on novel drug targets and potential therapeutic agents. Current pharmacotherapies, including tricyclic antidepressants, gabapentinoids, and serotonin norepinephrine re-uptake inhibitors, are discussed, as are emerging treatments, such as ambroxol, cannabidiol, and N-acetyl-L-cysteine. Additionally, the article highlights the need for further research in this field to identify new targets and develop more effective and targeted therapies for neuropathic pain management.

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“…Neuropathic pain is also characterized by the dysregulation of certain ion channels, receptors, and processes [ 11 ] ( Figure 1 ).…”

Section: Drug Targets In Neuropathic Painmentioning

confidence: 99%

Novel Drug Targets and Emerging Pharmacotherapies in Neuropathic Pain

et al. 2023

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“…during tissue inflammation results in enhanced pain sensitization of the injured area ( 5 ). Consequently, role of immune mediators in genesis of pain is an active area of research ( 1 , 6 ). Immune modulation of nociceptors during inflammatory or neuroinflammatory conditions lead to reduced thresholds for nociceptor firing resulting in pain sensitivity (hyperalgesia) ( 5 , 7 ).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

TLR4 activation by lysozyme induces pain without inflammation

et al. 2023

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Mostly, pain has been studied in association with inflammation, until recent studies which indicate that during bacterial infections, pain mechanisms could be independent of the inflammation. Chronic pain can sustain long after the healing from the injury, even in the absence of any visible inflammation. However, the mechanism behind this is not known. We tested inflammation in lysozyme-injected mice foot paw. Interestingly, we observed no inflammation in mice foot paw. Yet, lysozyme injections induced pain in these mice. Lysozyme induces pain in a TLR4-dependent manner and TLR4 activation by its ligands such as LPS leads to inflammatory response. We compared the intracellular signaling of MyD88 and TRIF pathways upon TLR4 activation by lysozyme and LPS to understand the underlying mechanism behind the absence of an inflammatory response upon lysozyme treatment. We observed a TLR4 induced selective TRIF and not MyD88 pathway activation upon lysozyme treatment. This is unlike any other previously known endogenous TLR4 activators. A selective activation of TRIF pathway by lysozyme induces weak inflammatory cytokine response devoid of inflammation. However, lysozyme activates glutamate oxaloacetate transaminase-2 (GOT2) in neurons in a TRIF-dependent manner, resulting in enhanced glutamate response. We propose that this enhanced glutaminergic response could lead to neuronal activation resulting in pain sensation upon lysozyme injections. Collectively we identify that TLR4 activation by lysozyme can induce pain in absence of a significant inflammation. Also, unlike other known TLR4 endogenous activators, lysozyme does not activate MyD88 signaling. These findings uncover a mechanism of selective activation of TRIF pathway by TLR4. This selective TRIF activation induces pain with negligible inflammation, constituting a chronic pain homeostatic mechanism.

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Current advances in the pain treatment and mechanisms of Traditional Chinese Medicine

Zhu,

Jia,

Zhou

et al. 2024

Phytotherapy Research

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Traditional Chinese Medicine (TCM), as a unique medical model in China, has been shown to be effective in the treatment of many diseases. It has been proven that TCM can increase the pain threshold, increase the level of endorphins and enkephalins in the body, and reduce the body's response to adverse stimuli. In recent years, TCM scholars have made valuable explorations in the field of pain treatment, using methods such as internal and external application of TCM and acupuncture to carry out research on pain treatment and have achieved more satisfactory results. TCM treats pain in a variety of ways, and with the discovery of a variety of potential bioactive substances for pain treatment. With the new progress in the research of other TCM treatment methods for pain, TCM will have greater potential in the clinical application of pain.

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Cell therapy for neuropathic pain

Cited by 8 publications

References 86 publications

Novel Drug Targets and Emerging Pharmacotherapies in Neuropathic Pain

Novel Drug Targets and Emerging Pharmacotherapies in Neuropathic Pain

TLR4 activation by lysozyme induces pain without inflammation

Current advances in the pain treatment and mechanisms of Traditional Chinese Medicine

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