Cell removal with supercritical carbon dioxide for acellular artificial tissue

Abstract

BACKGROUND: The objective of this work was to decellularize artificial tissue without using surfactant solutions. For this purpose, supercritical carbon dioxide was used as the extraction medium.

Methods of tissue decellularization used for preparation of biologic scaffolds and in vivo relevance

“…However, compared to 146 the esophagus, effective decellularization of the trachea is chal- 147 lenging due to the presence of hyaline cartilage rings. As a result, 148 the protocols described by Remlinger et al [26], Jungebluth et al 149 [42], Zang et al, [43], and Haykal et al [44] result in a tracheal 150 matrix that contains residual chondrocyte material within the tra- 151 cheal rings. These groups propose that decellularization reduces 152 antigenicity (measured by the reduction or loss of MHC antigens) 153 of the scaffold to a degree that allows tissue remodeling to occur.…”

“…Such scaffold materials have 52 the potential to promote and facilitate ''constructive remodeling'' 53 processes that form vascularized, innervated, functional tissue. 54 Mechanisms by which these constructive remodeling events occur 55 include the recruitment and differentiation of stem/progenitor 56 cells [7-10] and modulation of the innate immune response 57 [11-13]. The effector molecules responsible for these processes 58 represent a combination of sequestered cytokines and chemokines 59 within the matrix, and matricryptic peptides generated or exposed 60 during the process of ECM degradation [8, [14][15][16].…”

The use of high-hydrostatic pressure treatment to decellularize blood vessels

“…Several technologies have been developed to fabricate artificial valves and some of them have already been used clinically [5][6][7]. Decellularization techniques are classified by the chemicals used, such as acid or alkaline treatment, detergent treatment, or enzymatic digestion, and the physical methods used, such as snap freezing and mechanical agitation [8][9][10][11][12]. Among these, detergent treatment is the most widely used.…”

Tracheal Tissue Engineering

“…There have been several novel approaches employing ultrahigh pressure [220] or supercritical carbon dioxide [221]. However, these have shown minimal improvements for the substantial increase in complexity and cost.…”