Cell Adhesion Molecules and Protein Synthesis Regulation in Neurons

Abstract

Cell adhesion molecules (CAMs) mediate interactions of neurons with the extracellular environment by forming adhesive bonds with CAMs on adjacent membranes or via binding to proteins of the extracellular matrix. Binding of CAMs to their extracellular ligands results in the activation of intracellular signaling cascades, leading to changes in neuronal structure and the molecular composition and function of neuronal contacts. Ultimately, many of these changes depend on the synthesis of new proteins. In this review, we summarize the evidence showing that CAMs regulate protein synthesis by modulating the activity of transcription factors, gene expression, protein translation, and the structure and distribution of organelles involved in protein synthesis and transport.

Understanding the physical basis of memory: Molecular mechanisms of the engram

“…They also regulate molecular mechanisms involved in learning and plasticity: modulate gene transcription, activate transcription factors, regulate protein translation and regulate local protein synthesis (reviewed in Ref. (215)). Ultimately, they control neuronal morphology and network structure (216).…”

“…NCAM responds to neuronal activation upon experience (218). The homophilic interaction of NCAM triggers signal transduction pathways such as MAPK and Fyn kinases (215). These induce CREB phosphorylation (219), activation of other transcription factors such as NF-κB (220) and transcriptional changes, which culminates with LTP (221) and growth of neurites (222).…”

Changes in Whey Proteome between Mediterranean and Murrah Buffalo Colostrum and Mature Milk Reflect Their Pharmaceutical and Medicinal Value

“…However, Murrah colostrum milk is superior to its mature milk. This evidence includes increased concentrations of: (a) neurofascin (participant in axon guidance, neurotransmission, and peripheral nervous system development) [ 54 ], (b) dihydropyrimidinase-related protein 2 (related to axon guidance and brain development) [ 55 ], (c) neural cell adhesion molecule 1 (involved in neuronal adhesion and growth) [ 56 ], (d) neurofilament light polypeptide (maintains neuronal caliber, size, and shape) [ 57 ], (e) neurogranin (messenger and participant in synaptic development) [ 58 ], (f) alpha-internexin (neuron morphogenesis), (g) beta-synuclein (required for neuronal plasticity) [ 59 ], (h) syntaxin-1B and syntaxin-binding protein 1 (involved in synaptic vesicles docking and transmission) [ 33 ], (i) syntaxins (are required for neuronal development) [ 60 ], (j) synaptosomal-associated protein 25 (neurotransmitter release regulator) [ 61 ], (k) PC4 and SFRS1-interacting protein (participants in neurogenesis and differentiation of neuroepithelial stem cells) [ 62 ]. The first protein (neurofascin) also exhibited higher content in colostrum Mediterranean than that of colostrum Murrah milk.…”

Harnessing the Neuroprotective Behaviors of Müller Glia for Retinal Repair

“…The activation of microglia and their migration towards the site of injury is extremely important, as microglia actively phagocytose dead neurons as well as stimulate the release of trophic factors, like glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factor (GDNF) and leukemia inhibitory factor (LIF), both playing important roles in neuronal survival [136,200]. In the same way, the expression of CAMs have been demonstrated to promote neuronal growth and support synapse formation [201]. Undoubtedly, the neuroprotection of MG goes beyond their direct homeostatic communication with neurons, as their activity indirectly stimulates other cells, e.g., microglia, to help ameliorate the effects of the retinal insult.…”