CdZnTe solid-state gamma camera

Butler, J.F.; Lingren, C.L.; Friesenhahn, S.J.; Doty, F. Patrick; Ashburn, William L.; Conwell, Richard; Augustine, F.L.; Apotovsky, B.; Pi, B.; Collins, T.; Zhao, Shuaitongze; C, Isaacson

doi:10.1109/23.682408

Cited by 51 publications

(18 citation statements)

References 3 publications

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“…A common approach to designing a compact gamma camera is to replace the bulky photomultiplier tubes (PMTs) with much more compact devices, either solid-state photodetectors 1 [3]- [6] or solid-state radiation detectors such as CdZnTe, which replace the scintillator in addition to the PMTs [7], [8]. The major technological challenge in implementing these designs is to achieve a system that matches Anger camera performance, particularly with regard to energy resolution, reliability, and cost.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

A compact 64-pixel CsI(Tl)/Si PIN photodiode imaging module with IC readout

Gruber

Choong

Moses

et al. 2002

IEEE Trans. Nucl. Sci.

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We characterize the performance of a complete 64-pixel compact gamma camera imaging module consisting of optically isolated 3 3 5 mm 3 CsI(Tl) crystals coupled to a custom array of low-noise Si PIN photodiodes read out by a custom IC. At 50-V bias, the custom 64-pixel photodiode arrays demonstrate an average leakage current of 28 pA per 3 3 mm 2 pixel, a 98.5% yield of pixels with 100 pA leakage, and a quantum efficiency of about 80% for 540-nm CsI(Tl) scintillation photons. The custom 64-channel readout IC uses low-noise preamplifiers, shaper amplifiers, and a winner-take-all (WTA) multiplexer. The IC demonstrates maximum gain of 120 mV/1000 e , the ability to select the largest input signal in less than 150 ns, and low electronic noise at 8s peaking time ranging from 25 e rms (unloaded) to an estimated 180 e rms (photodiode load of 3 pF, 50 pA). At room temperature, a complete 64-pixel detector module employing a custom photodiode array and readout IC demonstrates an average energy resolution of 23.4% FWHM and an intrinsic spatial resolution of 3.3-mm FWHM for the 140-keV emissions of 99m Tc. Construction of an array of such imaging modules is straightforward; hence this technology shows strong potential for numerous compact gamma camera applications, including scintimammography.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

A compact 64-pixel CsI(Tl)/Si PIN photodiode imaging module with IC readout

Gruber

Choong

Moses

et al. 2002

IEEE Trans. Nucl. Sci.

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“…Experimental small-animal systems have been developed for both SPECT and PET, 1-19 and several of these have been commercialized. 6,10,12,15,17,19 In spite of the requirement for higher spatial resolution, most small-animal SPECT systems have been based on the same detector technologies used for clinical systems, with comparable intrinsic resolution. This limitation can be over-come by using pinhole imaging with high magnification, and excellent images are being obtained with systems based on one to three clinical scintillation cameras.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

SemiSPECT: A small‐animal single‐photon emission computed tomography (SPECT) imager based on eight cadmium zinc telluride (CZT) detector arrays

et al. 2006

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The first full single-photon emission computed tomography (SPECT) imager to exploit eight compact high-intrinsic-resolution cadmium zinc telluride (CZT) detectors, called SemiSPECT, has been completed. Each detector consists of a CZT crystal and a customized application-specific integrated circuit (ASIC). The CZT crystal is a 2.7 cm × 2.7 cm × ~ 0.2 cm slab with a continuous top electrode and a bottom electrode patterned into a 64 × 64 pixel array by photolithography. The ASIC is attached to the bottom of the CZT crystal by indium-bump bonding. A bias voltage of −180 V is applied to the continuous electrode. The eight detectors are arranged in an octagonal lead-shielded ring. Each pinhole in the eight-pinhole aperture placed at the center of the ring is matched to each individual NIH-PA Author ManuscriptNIH-PA Author Manuscript NIH-PA Author Manuscript detector array. An object is imaged onto each detector through a pinhole, and each detector is operated independently with list-mode acquisition. The imaging subject can be rotated about a vertical axis to obtain additional angular projections. The performance of SemiSPECT was characterized using 99m Tc. When a 0.5 mm diameter pinhole is used, the spatial resolution on each axis is about 1.4 mm as estimated by the Fourier crosstalk matrix, which provides an algorithm-independent average resolution over the field of view. The energy resolution achieved by summing neighboring pixel signals in a 3 × 3 window is about 10% full-width-at-half-maximum of the photopeak. The overall system sensitivity is about 0.5 × 10 −4 with the energy window of ±10% from the photopeak. Line-phantom images are presented to visualize the spatial resolution provided by SemiSPECT, and images of bone, myocardium, and human tumor xenografts in mice demonstrate the feasibility of preclinical small-animal studies with SemiSPECT.

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“…Thus CdZnTe is a mediumquality, room-temperature semiconductor detector. CdZnTe semiconductor chips have been used to build a gamma-ray detector (Matherson et al 1998, Butler et al 1998. Considerable effort is now being devoted to improving the yield of this material so that it can be grown in large quantities and thus allow for production of inexpensive detectors.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

CdZnTe strip detector SPECT imaging with a slit collimator

Zeng¹,

Gagnon²

2004

Phys. Med. Biol.

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In this paper, we propose a CdZnTe rotating and spinning gamma camera attached with a slit collimator. This imaging system acquires convergent planar integrals of a radioactive distribution. Two analytical image reconstruction algorithms are proposed. Preliminary phantom studies show that our small CdZnTe camera with a slit collimator outperforms a larger NaI(Tl) camera with a pinhole collimator in terms of spatial resolution in the reconstructed images. The main application of this system is small animal SPECT imaging.

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CdZnTe solid-state gamma camera

Cited by 51 publications

References 3 publications

A compact 64-pixel CsI(Tl)/Si PIN photodiode imaging module with IC readout

A compact 64-pixel CsI(Tl)/Si PIN photodiode imaging module with IC readout

SemiSPECT: A small‐animal single‐photon emission computed tomography (SPECT) imager based on eight cadmium zinc telluride (CZT) detector arrays

CdZnTe strip detector SPECT imaging with a slit collimator

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