Causes of variation in the frequency of monozygous and dizygous twinning in various breeds of cattle

Johansson, Ivar; Lindhé, B.; Pirchner, F.

doi:10.1111/j.1601-5223.1974.tb01443.x

Cited by 44 publications

(21 citation statements)

References 21 publications

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“…Among the calves born, 54 per cent were bulls and 46 per cent heifers. This is closely similar to the figures given by JOHANSSON et al (1974) In cows with retentio secundinarum the incidence of stillborn calves was 7.9 per cent. This is considerably higher than in a comparable normal material, in which the incidence was 2.8 per cent for heifers and 2.2 per cent for cows of SRB and 5.1 and 2.3 per cent, respectively, for SLB (SHS 1972).…”

Section: Resultssupporting

confidence: 90%

Retained Placenta in Cattle - Incidence, Clinical Data and Effects on Fertility

Dyrendahl

Mattson

Pehrson

2010

Zentralblatt Für Veterinärmedizin Reihe A

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Summary Data were collected from 1702 cows with retained placenta. All cows came from herds served by artificial inseminations, 72 per cent being Swedish red‐and‐white (SRB), 25 per cent Swedish Friesian (SLB) and 3 per cent other breeds. The incidence of retained placenta was higher after twin births and when the calves were stillborn. The sex distribution of the calves was normal. A positive correlation existed between retentio secundinarum and parturient paresis. On the other hand the incidence of ketosis did not increase after retentio secundinarum. Among pure‐bred cows the incidence of retentio secundinarum was 4.8 per cent in SRB and 7.9 per cent in SLB cows. The incidence increased markedly with age in both breeds. The risk was rather greater during the grazing than during the housed period. The gestation period was, on average, about 2 days less than in cows with normal expulsion of placenta. Retentio secundinarum had a negative effect on fertility. This was most marked in cases when the placenta was non‐removable, but the effect was significant also when the placenta was fully removable. Parenteral administration of up to 60 mg. diethylstilboestrol had per se no negative effect on fertility. In 62 per cent of the cases the placenta was fully removable. It was more difficult to remove after a short than after a normal gestation period. Abnormal vaginal discharges occurred in 62 per cent of the cows. Zusammenfassung Retentio secondinarum bei Kühen (Häufigkeit, klinische Befunde, Einfluß auf die Fruchtbarkeit) Die Befunde wurden bei 1702 Kühen erhoben, die künstlich besamt wurden. 72% der Patienten gehörten der Rasse Swedish red‐and‐white (SRB), 25% der Swedish Friesian (SLB) und 3% anderen Rassen an. Bei Zwillings‐und Totgeburten war der Prozentsatz der Retentio secundinarum (R. s.) erhöht. Auf die Geschlechtsverteilung der Kälber sowie die Ketoseinzidenz hatte die R. s. keinen Einfluß, hingegen war eine positive Korrelation zwischen der R. s. und der Paresis puerperalis festzustellen. Bei reinrassigen SRB‐Kühen betrug die R. s.‐Inzidenz 4,8%, bei SLB‐Kühen 7,9%. Mit zunehmendem Alter erhöhte sich der Prozentsatz der R. s.‐ Fälle bei beiden Rassen. Während der Weidezeit traten etwas mehr R. s.‐Fälle auf als während der Stallperiode. Bei den R. s.‐Patienten war die Trächtigkeitsdauer 2 Tage kürzer als bei den Tieren ohne R. s. Die R. s. beeinträchtigte die Fruchtbarkeit, und zwar am stärksten, wenn die Plazenta manuell nicht abgelöst werden konnte, aber auch in Fällen, bei denen die Plazenta entfernt werden konnte. Diäthylstilboestrol (60 mg parenteral) hatte keine negative Wirkung. In 62% der Fälle konnte die Plazenta ganz entfernt werden. Die Ablösung war bei den Tieren mit verkürzter Tragzeit etwas schwieriger als bei denjenigen mit normaler Graviditätsdauer. Abnormer Vaginalfluß war bei 62% der Kühe zu verzeichnen. Résumé Rétention placentaire chez des vaches (fréquence, résultats cliniques, influence sur la fertilité) Les résultats ont été obtenus à partir de 1702 vaches inséminées artificiellement. Le...

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Section: Resultssupporting

confidence: 90%

Retained Placenta in Cattle - Incidence, Clinical Data and Effects on Fertility

Dyrendahl

Mattson

Pehrson

2010

Zentralblatt Für Veterinärmedizin Reihe A

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“…Only sires of the cows producing calves (maternal effect on twinning) were included in the models. Several reasons explain why sire of the calf (direct effect) was not included in the analysis: service sire had no effect on whether the cow ovulated 1, 2, or more eggs; no evidence existed of the service sire causing splitting of the zygote after fertilization, in the case of monozygotic twins (Johansson et al, 1974); fertility was not the primary focus of this research; any effect on fertility was assumed to be included in the residual effect; and the direct effects of sire of the calf should be independent of the maternal effects of the sire of the cow.…”

Section: Analysesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Estimation of variance components and genetic trends for twinning rate in Holstein dairy cattle of Iran

Hossein-Zadeh

Nejati‐Javaremi

Miraei-Ashtiani

et al. 2009

Journal of Dairy Science

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Calving records from the Animal Breeding Center of Iran, collected from January 1991 to December 2007 and comprising 1,163,594 Holstein calving events from 2,552 herds, were analyzed using a linear animal model, linear sire model, threshold animal model, and threshold sire model to estimate variance components, heritabilities, genetic correlations, and genetic trends for twinning rate in the first, second, and third parities. The overall twinning rate was 3.01%. Mean incidence of twins increased from first to fourth and later parities: 1.10, 3.20, 4.22, and 4.50%, respectively. For first-parity cows, a maximum frequency of twinning was observed from January through April (1.36%), and second- and third-parity cows showed peaks from July to September (at 3.35 and 4.55%, respectively). The phenotypic rate of twinning decreased from 1991 to 2007 for the first, second, and third parities. Sire predicted transmitting abilities were estimated using linear sire model and threshold sire model analyses. Sire transmitting abilities for twinning rate in the first, second, and third parities ranged from -0.30 to 0.42, -0.32 to 0.31, and -0.27 to 0.30, respectively. Heritability estimates of twinning rate for parities 1, 2, and 3 ranged from 1.66 to 10.6%, 1.35 to 9.0%, and 1.10 to 7.3%, respectively, using different models for analysis. Heritability estimates for twinning rate, obtained from the analysis of threshold models, were greater than the estimates of linear models. Solutions for age at calving for the first, second, and third parities demonstrated that cows older at calving were more likely to have twins. Genetic correlations for twinning rate between parities 2 and 3 were greater than correlations between parities 1 and 2 and between parities 1 and 3. There was a slightly increasing trend for twinning rate in parities 1, 2, and 3 over time with the analysis of linear animal and linear sire models, but the trend for twinning rate in parities 1, 2, and 3 with threshold animal model analysis was decreased over the years. There was a significant decreasing trend for twinning rate in parities 1 and 2 over time with the threshold sire model analysis, but the genetic trend for twinning rate in parity 3 with this model of analysis was significant and positive. In general, there were increasing genetic trends for twinning rate from parities 1 through 3 using different models of analysis.

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“…Nevertheless, when the outcomes are analyzed, twin calving has several negative consequences. Increased rates of abortion [5], dystocia [6], higher mortality of the calves around or during parturition [7], and increased rates of placenta retention [8] are seen far more frequently in twin-calving cows. Twins born tend to be less developed than single-born herd mates of the same age, they have higher mortality rate [9], and rebreeding the dam can be delayed [10], leading to a longer calving interval and decreased profits.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Twin Calving and Its Connection to Other Economically Important Traits in Dairy Cattle

Gáspárdy¹,

Sheridan²,

Ari³

et al. 2018

Ruminants - The Husbandry, Economic and Health Aspects

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The occurrence of twin calving in Holstein Friesian cattle is 3-5%. Reproductive problems found before and after the time of calving lead to serious economic losses. The authors' aim was to form a compilation of data regarding the cause and effects of twin calving on dairy cows by comparing the reproductive performance of cows before and after calving twins vs. single calves and also analyzing the milk production of dairy cows both before and after twin calving. Cows that would have twins became pregnant earlier, probably because of their better health and fertility, with shorter gestations and calving interval. However, after calving, cows that had twins showed poorer reproductive performance. The results show that twin-calving cows had better condition prior to calving, resulting in an earlier successful twin calving. However, the economic losses during parturition, metabolic disorders of the cow, and low vitality of the twin calves, coupled with the decreased fertility and elevated culling rate in cows after twinning, may discourage breeding twins in dairy cattle.

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Causes of variation in the frequency of monozygous and dizygous twinning in various breeds of cattle

Cited by 44 publications

References 21 publications

Retained Placenta in Cattle - Incidence, Clinical Data and Effects on Fertility

Retained Placenta in Cattle - Incidence, Clinical Data and Effects on Fertility

Estimation of variance components and genetic trends for twinning rate in Holstein dairy cattle of Iran

Twin Calving and Its Connection to Other Economically Important Traits in Dairy Cattle

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