Causes of Ozone Layer Depletion and Its Effects on Human: Review

Anwar, Fakhra; Chaudhry, Fahad Nazir; Nazeer, Saiqa; Zaman, Noshila; Azam, Saba

doi:10.4236/acs.2016.61011

Cited by 22 publications

(17 citation statements)

References 27 publications

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“…It is estimated that one out of five Americans will develop skin cancer in their lifetime [2] . As Earth's protective ozone layer becomes thinner [3] the prevention of exposure to dangerous UV-intensities is of crucial interest [4] . Data on instantaneous and cumulative UV exposures provide important information for dermatology, skin and general healthcare and eventually help to prevent damages to the dermis, epidermis [5] or eyes [6] .…”

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confidence: 99%

Flexible a‐IGZO Phototransistor for Instantaneous and Cumulative UV‐Exposure Monitoring for Skin Health

Knobelspies

Daus

Cantarella

et al. 2016

Adv Elect Materials

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The accurate and continuous monitoring of both instantaneous and cumulative exposure to UV-light is of great relevance for dermatology and skin care to avoid damages to the dermis and epidermis and, ultimately, prevent melanoma. Here, we demonstrate flexible thin-film phototransistors based on amorphous Indium-Gallium-Zinc-Oxide (a-IGZO) semiconductor whose optical band-gap (3.05 eV) enables monitoring of the entire UV-spectrum. At the same time, the device structure together with a new read-out scheme consisting of a rectangular modulation of the gate-source voltage allow for both real time and cumulative measurement of UV-light intensity. Thanks to its design and thickness, the optoelectronic properties of the sensor remain unaffected after 2000 bending cycles down to radii of 6 mm. Furthermore, the device can be encapsulated with a thin Polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) layer to achieve a compliant adhesion with the skin and enable wearable applications.3 Ultraviolet (UV) radiation, which is part of the sunlight spectrum with wavelengths ranging from 280 nm to 400 nm, is considered as one of the main cause of melanoma skin cancers [1] . It is estimated that one out of five Americans will develop skin cancer in their lifetime [2] . As Earth's protective ozone layer becomes thinner [3] the prevention of exposure to dangerous UV-intensities is of crucial interest [4] . Data on instantaneous and cumulative UV exposures provide important information for dermatology, skin and general healthcare and eventually help to prevent damages to the dermis, epidermis [5] or eyes [6] . Wearable and, more recently, epidermal or skin-like devices, such as UV-dosimeter temporary tattoos [7] or highly stretchable photodetectors [8] have shown great potential to achieve accurate and unobtrusive sensing of important bio-signals and represent a promising technology for health monitoring [9,10] .Among the palette of materials, wide bandgap semiconductors, such as ZnO and its composites (Indium-Gallium-Zinc-Oxide (IGZO), Indium-Zinc-Oxide (IZO), Zinc-Tin-Oxide (ZTO), etc.) can be used for UV-photodetection [11] . Research in recent years has established amorphous IGZO (a-IGZO) as one of the most promising semiconductors for thin-film transistors [11] thanks to its attractive properties including high mobility (10 cm 2 /Vs) [12] , low temperature and large area deposition, operational stability [13] and the suitability for integration into flexible electronics [14] . Such technology could also replace polysilicon in the active matrix of displays [15] which could benefit from the integration of UV-light sensors for automated adaption of display brightness to the environmental illumination conditions. In addition, the optical bandgap of a-IGZO is ~3.05 eV [16] , which makes this material an excellent candidate for detection of the whole UV-spectrum [17] in contrast to ZnSnO or ZnO which have bandgaps around 3.3 eV [18,19] , corresponding to 368 nm (Figure 1 (a)). The The photofield-effect and the photosensitive characteristics of rigid...

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confidence: 99%

Flexible a‐IGZO Phototransistor for Instantaneous and Cumulative UV‐Exposure Monitoring for Skin Health

Knobelspies

Daus

Cantarella

et al. 2016

Adv Elect Materials

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“…Freon, a halohydrocarbon, and N 2 O can produce the greenhouse effect and can also react with stratospheric ozone, resulting in the depletion of the ozone layer and creation of holes in the ozone layer [ 10 , 12 ].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The decline of the stratospheric ozone level from anthropogenic source is internationally recognized as one of the Earth’s most important environmental issues [ 13 ]. The ozone hole is affecting human health and the environment negatively and can cause severe diseases, such as skin cancer, eye damage, and genetic mutations [ 10 , 12 ]. Research results show that if stratospheric ozone concentrations decreased by 1%, the amount of ultraviolet radiation will be increased by 2%, and the cataract rate will increase 0.2–0.6%.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Research results show that if stratospheric ozone concentrations decreased by 1%, the amount of ultraviolet radiation will be increased by 2%, and the cataract rate will increase 0.2–0.6%. Moreover, the depletion of the ozone layer seriously harms the human body, crops, and forests, even destroying natural biosphere generation and the marine ecological balance [ 12 ].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Air Pollution Forecasts: An Overview

Bai

Wang

et al. 2018

IJERPH

261

126

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Air pollution is defined as a phenomenon harmful to the ecological system and the normal conditions of human existence and development when some substances in the atmosphere exceed a certain concentration. In the face of increasingly serious environmental pollution problems, scholars have conducted a significant quantity of related research, and in those studies, the forecasting of air pollution has been of paramount importance. As a precaution, the air pollution forecast is the basis for taking effective pollution control measures, and accurate forecasting of air pollution has become an important task. Extensive research indicates that the methods of air pollution forecasting can be broadly divided into three classical categories: statistical forecasting methods, artificial intelligence methods, and numerical forecasting methods. More recently, some hybrid models have been proposed, which can improve the forecast accuracy. To provide a clear perspective on air pollution forecasting, this study reviews the theory and application of those forecasting models. In addition, based on a comparison of different forecasting methods, the advantages and disadvantages of some methods of forecasting are also provided. This study aims to provide an overview of air pollution forecasting methods for easy access and reference by researchers, which will be helpful in further studies.

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“…The ozone layer is a region of the Earth's stratosphere that absorbs most of the Sun's ultraviolet (UV) radiation (Anwar et al, 2016). Historical measurements -pre-1980 -indicated that the morphology of the ozone was not changing significantly with time.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Internal consistency of the Regional Brewer Calibration Centre for Europe triad during the period 2005–2016

et al. 2018

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Abstract. Total ozone column measurements can be made using Brewer spectrophotometers, which are calibrated periodically in intercomparison campaigns with respect to a reference instrument. In 2003, the Regional Brewer Calibration Centre for Europe (RBCC-E) was established at the Izaña Atmospheric Research Center (Canary Islands, Spain), and since 2011 the RBCC-E has transferred its calibration based on the Langley method using travelling standard(s) that are wholly and independently calibrated at Izaña. This work is focused on reporting the consistency of the measurements of the RBCC-E triad (Brewer instruments #157, #183 and #185) made at the Izaña Atmospheric Observatory during the period 2005–2016. In order to study the long-term precision of the RBCC-E triad, it must be taken into account that each Brewer takes a large number of measurements every day and, hence, it becomes necessary to calculate a representative value of all of them. This value was calculated from two different methods previously used to study the long-term behaviour of the world reference triad (Toronto triad) and Arosa triad. Applying their procedures to the data from the RBCC-E triad allows the comparison of the three instruments. In daily averages, applying the procedure used for the world reference triad, the RBCC-E triad presents a relative standard deviation equal to σ = 0.41 %, which is calculated as the mean of the individual values for each Brewer (σ157 = 0.362 %, σ183 = 0.453 % and σ185 = 0.428 %). Alternatively, using the procedure used to analyse the Arosa triad, the RBCC-E presents a relative standard deviation of about σ = 0.5 %. In monthly averages, the method used for the data from the world reference triad gives a relative standard deviation mean equal to σ = 0.3 % (σ157 = 0.33 %, σ183 = 0.34 % and σ185 = 0.23 %). However, the procedure of the Arosa triad gives monthly values of σ = 0.5 %. In this work, two ozone data sets are analysed: the first includes all the ozone measurements available, while the second only includes the simultaneous measurements of all three instruments. Furthermore, this paper also describes the Langley method used to determine the extraterrestrial constant (ETC) for the RBCC-E triad, the necessary first step toward accurate ozone calculation. Finally, the short-term or intraday consistency is also studied to identify the effect of the solar zenith angle on the precision of the RBCC-E triad.

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Causes of Ozone Layer Depletion and Its Effects on Human: Review

Cited by 22 publications

References 27 publications

Flexible a‐IGZO Phototransistor for Instantaneous and Cumulative UV‐Exposure Monitoring for Skin Health

Flexible a‐IGZO Phototransistor for Instantaneous and Cumulative UV‐Exposure Monitoring for Skin Health

Air Pollution Forecasts: An Overview

Internal consistency of the Regional Brewer Calibration Centre for Europe triad during the period 2005–2016

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