Causes and Incentives for Terrorism in Pakistan

Syed, Shabib Haider; Saeed, Luqman; Martin, R.

doi:10.1080/19361610.2015.1004606

Cited by 20 publications

(13 citation statements)

References 24 publications

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“…Pakistan constitutes a good case to be considered for examining fiscal response to terrorism as the country has remained a victim of extensive terrorist activities. It is an undeniable fact that Pakistan has been among those countries which are always at the forefront of terrorist incidents due to various factors such as religious, geographical, ethnic, political, and economic-mainly unemployment and income inequality (Ismail & Amjad, 2014;Khan, et al, 2016;Syed et al, 2015). The incident of 9/11 has played a vital role in engorging terrorism in Pakistan.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Fiscal Response to Terrorism in Pakistan: The Role of Institutions

Mukhtar

Jehan

2021

J.quant.methods

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This study empirically estimates the fiscal consequences of terrorism in Pakistan by using annual time series data from 1984 to 2016. By employing the autoregressive distributed lag (ARDL) technique, the study has gauged the impact of terrorist incidents on two important facets of fiscal policy, namely, tax revenue and defense spending. The results reveal that terrorism has detrimental ramifications for fiscal policy in Pakistan. Specifically, on the one hand, an increase in terrorist incidents tends to bring a fall in tax revenue while on the other hand, they induce a rise in defense outlays, thus deteriorating both fronts of the fiscal position. Notably, the moderating role of institutional quality appears significant and indicates that institutional quality has not only a significant direct impact on fiscal policy, but it also helps in completely mitigating (reducing) the harmful impact of terrorism on defense spending (tax revenue) in Pakistan. These findings suggest that there is a need to take appropriate steps for strengthening institutional setup to control the fallouts of terrorism on fiscal behavior of the government of Pakistan. Keywords: Terrorism; Tax Revenue; Institutional Quality; ARDL JEL Classification: E62; H2; E02; H5; F35

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Fiscal Response to Terrorism in Pakistan: The Role of Institutions

Mukhtar

Jehan

2021

J.quant.methods

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“…In connection with India's strengthening of the security infrastructure in Afghanistan, Pakistan's military operations on the western border have attracted Pakistan's security forces. However, the new Afghan government has removed this view by building a more friendly relationship with Pakistan, thereby reducing its geographical and historical burden [Syed, Saeed, Martin 2015].…”

Section: Basic Interests Of Pakistanmentioning

confidence: 99%

War on Terrorism in Pakistan: Challenges and Strategic Steps

Malik

Zhi-long

Rafay

2019

Vestn. Ross. univ. družby nar., Ser. Meždunar. otnoš.

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The incident of 9/11 is said to be a watershed event in the history of international relations. After this ferocious incident Pakistan was forced to join the Global War on Terrorism in September 2001 and since then it has faced a lot of challenges. After joining this war, the security situation has become worse within few years, and military forces had to start several operations to fight and eliminate the menace of terrorism. The War on Terror (WOT) has greatly affected the economic growth, political and social situation of the country. This paper discusses the reasons behind the terrorism, the ways it has affected the national security, education and economy, and the steps for its elimination. The general conclusion made by the author is that Pakistan like other countries cannot cure this menace alone by the use of force. The government should adopt a complex and wide strategy focusing in priority on the factors that are responsible for igniting terrorism, and by solving the problems being faced by the poor masses of the country.

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“…Callaway and Harrelson‐Stephens () studied Northern Ireland and concluded that as political openness decreases then terrorism increases (p. 683). Other case studies that attribute terrorism to political causes include Sabri () who examined Turkey's violent period in the late 1970s and Syed, Saeed, and Martin () who studied the causes of terrorism in Pakistan. Çinar (), in a theoretical piece, argues that a direct link exists between regime type and terrorism while in a much earlier work, Ross () created a model of the structural causes of terrorism which included type of political system.…”

Section: The Political Root Causes Of Terrorismmentioning

confidence: 99%

Assessing the Impact of the Political Environment on INGO Vulnerability to Terrorist Attack

Lambert¹

2018

Risk Hazard & Crisis Pub Pol

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International Non-Governmental Organizations (INGOs) operate in dangerous environments where their humanitarian missions are often in jeopardy. This study analyzes the relationship between four political variables-Regime Type, Political Corruption, Political Stability, and Level of Terrorism-and terrorist attacks against INGOs. What political conditions exist when INGOs are targeted by terror organizations? Do these conditions differ from international terror attacks in which INGOs are not targeted? The Global Terrorism Database (GTD) is used to identify INGOs attacked by terrorists and to describe the nature of the terrorist threat posed to the organizations. Additionally, data from the Polity IV Project, the State Fragility Index (SFI), and Worldwide Governance Indicators (WGIs) are used to create proxy variables for Regime Type, Political Stability, and Political Corruption. Binary logistic regression of these four variables reveals Political Stability and Level of Terrorism as the best predictors of INGO attacks. These two variables predicted 82.0 percent of the INGO attacks but were much less successful (58.1 percent) in predicting terrorist attacks in which INGOs were not targeted. INGOs can more effectively align resources with their security needs as they gain a better understanding of how the political environment impacts or does not impact their vulnerability to terrorist attack.Evaluando el impacto del clima político en la vulnerabilidad de las ONGs internacionales a ataques terroristas Las Organizaciones no Gubernamentales Internacionales (INGOs) operan en ambientes peligrosos donde sus misiones humanitarias est an a menudo en peligro. Este estudio analiza la relaci on entre cuatro variables políticas -tipo de r egimen, corrupci on política, estabilidad política y nivel de terrorismo -y ataques terroristas contra las INGOs. ¿Qu e condiciones políticas existen cuando las INGOs son objetivo de organizaciones terroristas? ¿Difieren estas condiciones de los ataques terroristas internacionales en los que las INGOs no son los objetivos? La Base de Datos de Terrorismo (GTD) se utiliza para identificar INGOs que son atacadas por terroristas y para describir la naturaleza de la amenaza terrorista para las organizaciones. Adicionalmente, los datos del Polity IV Project, el Indice de Fragilidad del Estado y los Indicadores de Gobernanza Globales se usan para crear variables por procuraci on para el tipo de r egimen, estabilidad política y corrupci on política. La regresi on logística binaria de estas cuatro variables revela que la Estabilidad Política y el Nivel de Terrorismo son los mejores predictores de ataques a las INGOs. Estas dos variables predijeron 82.0% de los ataques a INGOs pero fueron mucho menos exitosas (58.1%) al predecir ataques terroristas donde las INGOs no fueron el objetivo. Las INGOs pueden alinear recursos m as efectivamente con sus necesidades de seguridad mientras llegan a una mejor comprensi on de c omo el ambiente político tiene o no impacto sobre la vulnerabilidad a ataques terrorista...

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Causes and Incentives for Terrorism in Pakistan

Cited by 20 publications

References 24 publications

Fiscal Response to Terrorism in Pakistan: The Role of Institutions

Fiscal Response to Terrorism in Pakistan: The Role of Institutions

War on Terrorism in Pakistan: Challenges and Strategic Steps

Assessing the Impact of the Political Environment on INGO Vulnerability to Terrorist Attack

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