“…This increase in surface area is related to an increase in the availability of the hydroxyl groups on the surface of nanocellulose, where functional groups or molecules can be grafted using, for example, carboxylation, sulfonation, (2,2,6,6-tetramethylpiperidin-1-yl)oxyl (TEMPO)-mediated oxidation, phosphorylation, esterification, etherification, silyation, and amidation [6,16,17,18,19]. Indeed, previous work has demonstrated how carboxyl groups, sulfonate groups, and phosphonate groups can be grafted onto nanocellulose for the selective uptake of contaminants [20] in water remediation [17,21,22,23]. Nanocellulose-based membranes and filters have been shown to remove metal ions [4,24,25], dyes [26,27,28], metal [28,29,30] and microbes [28,30].…”