Cathodic Stripping Voltammetric Determination of Cerium Using Indium Tin Oxide (ITO)

Abstract

Due to its numerous applications in the field of metallurgy and its role as an alloying element for slowing down the biodegradation of pure magnesium typically known to have very low corrosion resistance, the need to develop simple and inexpensive methods for determination of cerium is important. Ce3+ was determined by cathodic stripping voltammetry (CSV) using Osteryoung square‐wave voltammetry (OSWV) for the stripping step. Indium tin oxide (ITO) was used as the working electrode because of its very good positive potential range with smooth background current. Under optimized conditions, the calibration plot was linear in the concentration range of 100 nM to 700 nM Ce3+. A calculated detection limit of 5.8 nM was found for a 5 min deposition time at ITO based on the 3σ method. Interference from selected metal ions was also examined, and no significant interferences were observed. The good selectivity of this sensor makes it a good candidate for practical applications such as monitoring Ce3+ released into solution during the biodegradation of Mg−Ce alloys being developed for resorbable biomedical implants.

Highly sensitive carbon paste electrode modified with a synthesized ferrocenyl Schiff base for trace determination of Ce(III) in real samples

“…[6] With respect to the wide industrial usages of cerium and also its environmental and biological effects, the development of sensitive techniques for monitoring this species should be very important. Thus, various techniques such as spectrophotometry, [7,8] spectrofluorimetry, [9] neutron activation analysis (NAA), [10] chromatography, [11] solid phase extraction, [12] voltammetry [13][14][15] , and potentiometry [16][17][18][19] have been used for the cerium determination. In some of these reported determination methods, the sensitivity is insufficient for measuring the low concentration of cerium ion, and/or preconcentration and matrix elimination is usually needed.…”

Surface and morphology analyses, and voltammetry studies for electrochemical determination of cerium(iii) using a graphene nanobud-modified-carbon felt electrode in acidic buffer solution (pH 4.0 ± 0.05)

“…Numerous techniques have been reported for the detection and quantitation of cerium, such as atomic absorption spectrophotometry, neutron activation analysis, inductively coupled plasma-atomic emission spectrometry, ion-selective electrodes, and potentiometric titration. [10][11][12][13] These techniques have numerous disadvantages including high energy consumption, cost, diminutive repeatability, and complicated under-eld conditions. Nevertheless, electrochemical techniques are considered as exceptional choices for the determination of trace modules due to their excellent selectivity, high sensitivity, easy handling, cost-efficacy, and quick response.…”

Indium Tin Oxide Film Characteristics for Cathodic Stripping Voltammetry

“…For electrochemical applications, ITO has commonly been deployed as an optically transparent electrode for spectroelectrochemical measurements. ,− ITO possesses a large positive potential window that allows it to be used for measurements beyond +1.5 V while retaining high optical transparency in the 390–700 nm range. ,, Its lack of reaction in the positive potential range is due to the film already being in its oxidized form . It has been used for the spectroelectrochemical detection of several analytes including poly­(Azure A), aqueous iron by in situ complexation with 2,2′-bipyridine, total alkaline phosphate in human blood, and ferricyanide. ,,, ITO has also been used for stripping voltammetric measurements of several metals including cadmium (Cd), copper (Cu), lead (Pb), manganese (Mn), mercury (Hg), and cerium (Ce). ,,, In the case of Cd and Cu, attenuated total internal reflectance stripping voltammetry was used; the optical signal was monitored as the metals of interest were deposited (electroplated) onto the ITO surface . ITO working electrodes and the technique of cathodic stripping voltammetry (CSV) have also been used for the detection of Ce .…”

“…It has been used for the spectroelectrochemical detection of several analytes including poly­(Azure A), aqueous iron by in situ complexation with 2,2′-bipyridine, total alkaline phosphate in human blood, and ferricyanide. ,,, ITO has also been used for stripping voltammetric measurements of several metals including cadmium (Cd), copper (Cu), lead (Pb), manganese (Mn), mercury (Hg), and cerium (Ce). ,,, In the case of Cd and Cu, attenuated total internal reflectance stripping voltammetry was used; the optical signal was monitored as the metals of interest were deposited (electroplated) onto the ITO surface . ITO working electrodes and the technique of cathodic stripping voltammetry (CSV) have also been used for the detection of Ce . More recently, a paper was published using bare ITO for the simultaneous detection of Pb, Cu, and Hg …”

“…It is important to note that metal detection sensor studies using ITO with CSV do not require optical transparency like those being used for spectroelectrochemistry. There are few accounts of ITO deposition on nonoptically transparent substrates such as silicon (Si), none of which are applied to CSV. , Additionally, electrode fabrication processes on glass are much more difficult and hazardous than those for Si. They involve wet etching in hydrofluoric acid (HF) because dry etching processes are slower and harder to control .…”