Catenarin Production by Isolates of Pyrenophora tritici‐repentis (Died.) Drechsler and its Antimicrobial Activity

Abstract

A total of 88 Pyrenophora tritici‐repentis (Died.) Drechsler isolates from different hosts and localities were screened for catenarin production using thin layer chromatography. Catenarin was detected in 29% of the tested strains. The level of this compound ranged from 2 to 400 ppm and was especially high in case of fungus variants unable to biosynthesize melanins. The extracted pigment exhibited antibiotic properties against Gram‐positive bacteria (Aureobacterium liquefaciens, Arthrobacter globiformis, Bacillus brevis, B. circulans, B. subtilis and Curtobacterium plantarum). Catenarin also inhibited the growth of fungi accompanying P. tritici‐repentis during the saprophytic phase of development. The most sensitive species was Epicoccum nigrum, whose growth was inhibited up to 90%.

Three Novel, Structurally Unique Spirocyclic Alkaloids from the Halotolerant B‐17 Fungal Strain of Aspergillus variecolor

“…The structural moieties A and B could be deduced by analyzing the 2D-NMR spectra of 1 (Fig. 1) [10], indicating that moiety A and catenarin had similar structures. This deduction was further supported by the key HMBC correlation between HÀC(12) and both C(10a) and C(11a), as well as by other correlations (Fig.…”

Assessing the mycotoxigenic threat of necrotrophic pathogens of wheat

“…Unlike the A. alternata mycotoxins, antimicrobial growth experiments, at least with catenarin, have been undertaken. These experiments highlighted the inhibitory activity of catenarin on many of the fungi often present on wheat leaves with P. triticirepentis (Bouras and Strelkov 2008;Wakuliński et al 2003). The growth of S. nodorum and M. graminicola was inhibited by up to 44%, supporting the argument that catenarin is produced to inhibit the growth of competitive fungi.…”

“…To date, three mycotoxins have been isolated and partially characterised that are produced by P. tritici-repentis (Bouras et al 2009;Bouras and Strelkov 2008;Engström et al 1993;Wakuliński et al 2003). The first of these was the anthraquinone catenarin ( Fig.…”

Influence of carbon source on growth and mycotoxin production by isolates of Pyrenophora tritici-repentis from wheat

“…Pyrenophora tritici-repentis produces many polyhydroxyanthraquinones (Wakuliński et al 2003;Bouras and Strelkov 2008), which belong to the second major class of carcinogenic mycotoxins (Shier and Mebs 1990). To date, catenarin has been found to be produced by various species of the genera Helminthosporium and Pyrenophora (Turner 1971;Wakuliński et al 2003;Bouras and Strelkov 2008), Aspergillus (Anke et al 1980), and Bipolaris (Engström et al 1993), whereas islandicin has only been isolated from Penicillium islandicum and P. tritici-repentis (Ubbink-Kok et al 1986;Wakuliński et al 2003).…”

“…The occurrence of red smudge or black point in a seed lot can result in grade reductions as well as reduced seedling emergence and vigor (Fernandez et al 1998). However, an additional concern associated with kernel infection by P. tritici-repentis stems from recent reports that this fungus is mycotoxigenic; isolates of P. tritici-repentis were shown to produce the anthraquinone mycotoxins emodin, catenarin, and islandicin, both in vitro and in planta (Wakuliński et al 2003;Bouras and Strelkov 2008;Bouras et al 2009). Emodin is diarrheagenic, mutagenic, and genotoxic (Wells et al 1975;Liberman et al 1980;Müller et al 1996), and has an LD 50 of 3.7 mg/kg on cockerels (Wells et al 1975).…”