Category-selective deficits are the exception and not the rule: Evidence from a case-series of 64 patients with ventral occipito-temporal cortex damage

Rice, Gillian; Kerry, Sally; Robotham, Ro Julia; Leff, Alexander; Ralph, Matthew A. Lambon; Starrfelt, Randi

doi:10.1016/j.cortex.2021.01.021

Cited by 18 publications

(14 citation statements)

References 78 publications

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“…Importantly, the model produced graded hemispheric specialisation with words represented more in the left and faces represented more in the right but the patterns were not clean-cut, suggesting pure alexia and prosopagnosia are not entirely pure deficits in words or faces. The predictions by the model are confirmed by subsequent patients studies of pure alexia and prosopagnosia (Behrmann & Plaut, 2014;Rice et al, 2021).…”

supporting

confidence: 58%

“…Thirdly, the simulations of different types of acquired dyslexia only consider the patients' representative reading behaviours. Obviously, there are wide variations within each type of dyslexia (Behrmann et al, 1998;Crisp & Lambon Ralph, 2006;Rice et al, 2021;Roberts et al, 2010;Woollams et al, 2007). The variations could, for instance, result from the severity of reading deficits and premorbid individual differences in reading (Dilkina, McClelland, & Plaut, 2008;Hoffman et al, 2015;Woollams et al, 2017).…”

Section: Limitations and Future Directionsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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A computational model of typical and impaired reading: the role of visual processing

Chang

Welbourne²,

Furber³

et al. 2021

Preprint

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Computational modelling has served as a powerful tool to advance our understanding of language processes by making theoretical ideas rigorously specified and testable (a form of 'open science' for theory building). In reading research, one of the most influential computational modelling frameworks is the triangle model of reading that characterises the mappings between orthography, phonology and semantics. Currently, most instantiations of the triangle modelling framework start the processes from orthographic levels which abstract away visual processing. Moreover, without visual processing, most models do not provide an opportunity to investigate visual-related dyslexia. To bridge this crucial gap, the present study extended the existing triangle models by implementing an additional visual input. We trained the model to learn to read from visual input without pre-defined orthographic representations. The model was assessed by reading tasks in both intact and after damage (to mimic acquire alexias). The simulation results demonstrated that the model was able to name word and nonwords as well as make lexical decisions. Damage to the visual, phonological or semantic components of the model resulted in the expected reading impairments associated with pure alexia, phonological dyslexia, and surface dyslexia, respectively. The simulation results demonstrated for the first time that both typical and neurologically-impaired reading including both central and peripheral dyslexia could be addressed in this extended triangle model of reading. The findings are consistent with the primary systems account.

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supporting

confidence: 58%

Section: Limitations and Future Directionsmentioning

confidence: 99%

A computational model of typical and impaired reading: the role of visual processing

Chang

Welbourne²,

Furber³

et al. 2021

Preprint

Self Cite

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“…This contrasts with the strong between-category correlations of general visual responses, which were isolated at a different frequency from the selective responses. This latter observation may explain the comorbidity of face and written word recognition difficulties following VOTC damage in terms of a general deficit (either low-level or at a general shape recognition level; Farah 1991 ; Behrmann and Plaut 2014a , b ; Roberts et al 2015 ; Rice et al 2021 ) and the overlap of activity emphasized in some neuroimaging studies (e.g., Nestor et al 2012 ). Moreover, it emphasizes the importance of isolating category-selective responses, by parsing out nonspecific visual responses, when examining functional dissociations.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 96%

“…Strong evidence supporting the view that face and word recognition rely on spatially close yet dissociated neural circuitry comes from neuropsychological studies: while shared visual recognition impairments for faces and written words may be found in cases of general visual object agnosia (Farah 1991 ; Behrmann and Plaut 2014a , b ) or in large cohorts of patients defined based on posterior brain lesions (Rice et al 2021 ), brain-damaged patients can show highly specific impairments in the recognition of faces (prosopagnosia) or written words (pure alexia). These impairments typically occur as a result of a brain injury in the vicinity of the right and left, respectively, FG and inferior occipital gyrus (IOG) (Farah 1991 ; Farah et al 1998 ; Behrmann and Bub 1992 ; Gaillard et al 2006 ; Susilo et al 2015 ; Cohen et al 2019 ; see also, Robotham and Starrfelt 2017 ).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Specifically, functional magnetic resonance magnetic (fMRI) studies have shown a larger neural response to faces than nonface objects in the lateral parts of the middle fusiform gyrus and in the inferior occipital gyrus with a right hemispheric dominance (e.g., Puce et al 1995;Kanwisher et al 1997;Rossion et al 2012;see Grill-Spector et al 2017 for review), while written words typically evoke larger responses than control stimuli in the left posterior fusiform and occipito-temporal sulcus (Devlin et al 2006;Grill-Spector and Weiner 2014). While these findings support the view that the VOTC contains dissociated neural circuitry for face and written word recognition (Farah 1991), neuropsychological evidence of shared visual recognition impairments (Behrmann and Plaut 2014a, b;Rice et al 2021) as well as fMRI studies showing partial spatial overlap between the functional face-and word-selective regions, in particular the fusiform gyrus (e.g., Davies-Thompson et al 2016;Harris et al 2015;Nestor et al 2012), have probed researchers to propose instead that faces and words largely share the same high-level neural circuitry Plaut 2013, 2020;Nestor et al 2012).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 93%

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Dissociated face- and word-selective intracerebral responses in the human ventral occipito-temporal cortex

Hagen

Lochy

Jacques³

et al. 2021

Brain Struct Funct

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The extent to which faces and written words share neural circuitry in the human brain is actively debated. Here, we compare face-selective and word-selective responses in a large group of patients (N = 37) implanted with intracerebral electrodes in the ventral occipito-temporal cortex (VOTC). Both face-selective (i.e., significantly different responses to faces vs. non-face visual objects) and word-selective (i.e., significantly different responses to words vs. pseudofonts) neural activity is isolated with frequency-tagging. Critically, this sensitive approach allows to objectively quantify category-selective neural responses and disentangle them from general visual responses. About 70% of significant electrode contacts show either face-selectivity or word-selectivity only, with the expected right and left hemispheric dominance, respectively. Spatial dissociations are also found within core regions of face and word processing, with a medio-lateral dissociation in the fusiform gyrus (FG) and surrounding sulci, respectively. In the 30% of overlapping face- and word-selective contacts across the VOTC or in the FG and surrounding sulci, between-category-selective amplitudes (faces vs. words) show no-to-weak correlations, despite strong correlations in both the within-category-selective amplitudes (face–face, word–word) and the general visual responses to words and faces. Overall, these observations support the view that category-selective circuitry for faces and written words is largely dissociated in the human adult VOTC.

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Patterns of Visual Task-based Functional MRI Activation in Chronic Posterior Cerebral Artery Stroke Patients

et al. 2023

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Purpose Stroke is a principal cause of disability worldwide. In motor stroke, the tools for stratification and prognostication are plentiful. Conversely, in stroke causing mainly visual and cognitive problems, there is still no gold standard modality to use. The purpose of this study was to explore the fMRI recruitment pattern in chronic posterior cerebral artery (PCA) stroke patients and to investigate fMRI as a biomarker of disability in these patients. Methods The study included 10 chronic PCA stroke patients and another 10 age-matched volunteer controls. The clinical presentation, cognitive state, and performance in visual perceptual skills battery (TVPS-3) were determined for both patients and control groups. Task-based fMRI scans were acquired while performing a passive visual task. Individual and group analyses of the fMRI scans as well as correlation analysis with the clinical and behavioral data were done. Results At the level of behavioral assessment there was non-selective global impairment in all visual skills subtests. On visual task-based fMRI, patients recruited more brain areas than controls. These activations were present in the ipsilesional side distributed in the ipsilesional cerebellum, dorsolateral prefrontal cortex mainly Brodmann area (BA) 9, superior parietal lobule (somatosensory associative cortex, BA 7), superior temporal gyrus (BA 22), supramarginal gyrus (BA 40), and contralesional associative visual cortex (BA 19). Spearman’s rank correlation was computed to assess the relationship between the TVPS scores and the numbers of fMRI neuronal clusters in each patient above the main control activations, there was a negative correlation between the two variables, r(10) = −0.85, p ≤ 0.001. Conclusion In chronic PCA stroke patients with residual visual impairments, the brain attempts to recruit more neighboring and distant functional areas for executing the impaired visual skill. This intense recruitment pattern in poorly recovering patients appears to be a sign of failed compensation. Consequently, fMRI has the potential for clinically relevant prognostic assessment in patients surviving PCA stroke; however, as this study included no longitudinal data, this potential should be further investigated in longitudinal imaging studies, with a larger cohort, and multiple time points.

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Category-selective deficits are the exception and not the rule: Evidence from a case-series of 64 patients with ventral occipito-temporal cortex damage

Cited by 18 publications

References 78 publications

A computational model of typical and impaired reading: the role of visual processing

A computational model of typical and impaired reading: the role of visual processing

Dissociated face- and word-selective intracerebral responses in the human ventral occipito-temporal cortex

Patterns of Visual Task-based Functional MRI Activation in Chronic Posterior Cerebral Artery Stroke Patients

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