“…In particular, the deconvolution of the O 1s XPS spectrum with three different peaks is shown in Fig. 4(d), which could be divided into three kinds of oxygen species: lattice oxygen (529.6 ± 0.1 eV, designated as O β ), surface‐adsorbed oxygen (531.4 ± 0.1 eV, designated as O α ) and surface adsorbed water (533.0 ± 0.1 eV, designated as O γ ) 24,25 . It was believed that surface‐adsorbed oxygen had higher mobility and was more likely to desorb from the surface to form oxygen vacancies, so the higher ratio of O α /O β represented a higher probability of forming oxygen vacancies.…”