Catalytic graphitization of kraft lignin to graphene-based structures with four different transitional metals

Yan, Qiangu; Li, Jinghao; Zhang, Xuefeng; Hassan, El Barbary; Wang, Chuji; Zhang, Jilei; Cai, Zhiyong

doi:10.1007/s11051-018-4317-0

Cited by 69 publications

(68 citation statements)

References 21 publications

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“…06-0696) (Jiang et al, 2018). Furthermore, some peaks at θ value between 40 • and 50 • that corresponded to cementite (Fe 3 C) were observed in the XRD pattern of C/LBC and LPGC (Yan et al, 2018). It again confirmed that Fe nanoparticles were successfully loaded on the surface of two K 2 FeO 4 -treated materials (C/LBC and LPGC) during the synthesis process.…”

Section: Xrd and Raman Analysismentioning

confidence: 62%

Synthesis of Porous Biochar Containing Graphitic Carbon Derived From Lignin Content of Forestry Biomass and Its Application for the Removal of Diclofenac Sodium From Aqueous Solution

et al. 2020

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Porous biochar containing graphitic carbon materials have received great attention from various disciplines, especially for environmental pollutant treatment, due to their cost-effective and specific textural properties. This study exhibited a two-step strategy to compose lignin-porous biochar containing graphitic carbon (LPGC) from pitch pine sawdust and investigated its adsorptive removal for diclofenac sodium (DCF) from an aqueous solution. Sulfuric acid (H 2 SO 4 ) was utilized to obtain lignin content from biomass and potassium ferrate (K 2 FeO 4 ) and was adopted to fulfill the synchronous carbonization and graphitization of LPGC. Through slow pyrolysis in atmospheric N 2 (900 • C -2 h), the structure of the as-prepared sample was successfully modified. Using SEM images, a stripped layer structure was observed on the H 2 SO 4 -treated sample for both one-step and two-step activated samples, indicating the pronounced effect of H 2 SO 4 in the layering of materials. K 2 FeO 4 acted as an activator and catalyst to convert biomass into the porous graphitic structure. The BET surface area, XRD and Raman spectra analyses demonstrated that LPGC possessed a micro/mesoporous structure with a relatively large surface area (457.4 m 2 g −1 ) as well as the presence of a graphitic structure. Further adsorption experiments revealed that LPGC exhibited a high DCF adsorption capacity (q max = 159.7 mg g −1 at 298 K, pH = 6.5). The effects of ambient conditions such as contact time, solution pH, temperature, ionic strength, electrolyte background on the uptake of DCF were investigated by a batch adsorption experiment. Results indicated that the experimental data were best fitted with the pseudo second-order model and Langmuir isotherm model. Furthermore, the adsorption of DCF onto the LPGC process was spontaneous and endothermic. Electrostatic interaction, H-bonding interaction, and π-π interaction are the possible adsorption mechanisms. The porous biochar containing graphitic carbon obtained from the lignin content of pitch pine sawdust may be a potential material for eliminating organic pollutants from water bodies.

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Section: Xrd and Raman Analysismentioning

confidence: 62%

Synthesis of Porous Biochar Containing Graphitic Carbon Derived From Lignin Content of Forestry Biomass and Its Application for the Removal of Diclofenac Sodium From Aqueous Solution

et al. 2020

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“…The synthesis of graphene from renewable and abundant biomass feedstocks using simple pyrolysis reactions has therefore been proposed and is regarded as a promising route, especially considering the unique polymeric structure of lignin, which is comprised of aromatic rings and condensed linkages and shows great similarity to the hexagonal structure of graphene, which makes it an excellent precursor for producing graphene and graphene‐like materials . Some valuable studies on graphene and graphene‐like carbon materials derived from biomass lignin have been reported . As shown in Fig.…”

Section: Preparation and Characterization Of Lignin‐derived Electrochmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…There are three typical synthesis routes from lignin to graphene, including: (i) Catalytic graphitization with transitional metals/metal salt catalysts; (ii) direct carbonization in an inert atmosphere; and (iii) a two‐step route involving oxidative cleavage and aromatic refusion . Among these, catalytic graphitization is the most widely used synthesis route for lignin‐derived graphene materials.…”

Section: Preparation and Characterization Of Lignin‐derived Electrochmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…For example, multilayer graphene with a range of 2–30 layers was obtained using an ion‐catalytic conversion of Kraft lignin at 1000 °C under controlled atmospheres . It has also been reported that graphene‐encapsulated metal nanoparticles have been fabricated from lignin through a thermal treatment process under an argon atmosphere with Ni, Cu, Fe, and Mo catalysts . Small graphitic domains with well‐developed graphene layers and a high surface area of 207.5 m 2 g −1 , and 3D graphene and graphene‐like porous carbon were synthesized by the direct carbonization of lignin at a high temperature of 1300 °C .…”

Section: Preparation and Characterization Of Lignin‐derived Electrochmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Lignin‐derived electrochemical energy materials and systems

Jiang

Wang

et al. 2020

Biofuels Bioprod Bioref

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Electrode and electrolyte materials with higher performance, longer life, and lower cost need to be developed, given the substantial growing demand for advanced electrochemical energy systems. Lignin, the second most abundant natural polymer, has been successfully demonstrated to be a viable precursor or feedstock for the preparation of high-performance electrochemical energy materials and components such as electrodes, electrolyte additives, membrane separators, and binders. Moreover, techno-economic analyses indicate that it is possible to prepare cost-effective carbon structures from lignin at engineering scale, in contrast with current carbon products. These facts suggest that the scalable conversion of lignin into high-value energy materials will offer a promising pathway to not only promote the utilization and valorization of lignin but also boost the development of advanced electrochemical energy systems. This review examines cutting-edge renewable energy materials derived from various lignin compounds and Review: Lignin to energy materials X Wu et al.their applications in electrochemical energy systems with an emphasis on supercapacitors, rechargeable batteries, and fuel cells. Meanwhile, this review also aims to carve out the critical barriers for lignin-derived high-performance materials for energy applications, and to identify viable approaches for the synthesis of sustainable new energy materials.

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“…Kraft lignin was catalytically converted to these carbon-based nanomaterials at high temperature under different atmospheres [ 9 ]. Transitional metals such as iron, copper, nickel and molybdenum as catalysts were very active for graphitization of solid carbon materials like kraft lignin [ 10 , 11 ] but their chemical compounds can have different catalytic activities. The catalytic activity of any transitional metal in a solid carbon material is governed by its oxidation state and active specific area, that is, its dispersion in the solid carbon material.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Synthetic Bio-Graphene Based Nanomaterials through Different Iron Catalysts

Yan

Zhang

et al. 2018

Nanomaterials

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Kraft lignin was catalytically graphitized to graphene-based nanostructures at 1000 °C under argon atmosphere with four iron catalysts, iron(III) nitrate (Fe-N); iron(II) chloride (Fe-Cl2); iron(III) chloride (Fe-Cl3); and iron(II) sulfate (Fe-S). The catalytic decomposition process of iron-promoted lignin materials was examined using thermalgravimetric analysis and temperature-programmed decomposition methods. The crystal structure, morphology and surface area of produced materials were characterized by means of X-ray diffraction, Raman, scanning electron microscopy, high resolution transmission electron microscopy and N2 adsorption−desorption techniques. Experimental results indicated that iron nitrate catalyst had better iron dispersion three other iron salts. Iron nitrate was the most active catalyst among four iron salts. The low activity of iron in iron chloride-promoted samples was because the residual chlorine over iron surfaces prevent iron interaction with lignin functional groups.

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Catalytic graphitization of kraft lignin to graphene-based structures with four different transitional metals

Cited by 69 publications

References 21 publications

Synthesis of Porous Biochar Containing Graphitic Carbon Derived From Lignin Content of Forestry Biomass and Its Application for the Removal of Diclofenac Sodium From Aqueous Solution

Synthesis of Porous Biochar Containing Graphitic Carbon Derived From Lignin Content of Forestry Biomass and Its Application for the Removal of Diclofenac Sodium From Aqueous Solution

Lignin‐derived electrochemical energy materials and systems

Synthetic Bio-Graphene Based Nanomaterials through Different Iron Catalysts

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