Catalysts for the reactions of epoxides and carbon dioxide

Darensbourg, Donald J.; Holtcamp, Matthew W.

doi:10.1016/0010-8545(95)01232-x

Cited by 786 publications

(331 citation statements)

References 28 publications

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“…In particular, conversion of CO2 into carbonates was of remarkable interest for reducing carbon emissions as well as reusing it as alternative resources (e.g., solvents) [32,49]. Quaternary ammonium salts, such as Bu4NBr, Et4NBr, are currently in use for industrial preparation of cyclic carbonates [50], and therefore have attracted much scientific attention in the development of heterogeneous catalysts for these applications.…”

Section: Nonmetal Catalysts Quaternized Chitosanmentioning

confidence: 99%

Chitosan as a Natural Polymer for Heterogeneous Catalysts Support: A Short Review on Its Applications

2015

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Chitosan, a bio-based polymer which has similar characteristics to those of cellulose, exhibits cationic behavior in acidic solutions and strong affinity for metals ions. Thus, it has received increased attention for the preparation of heterogeneous catalysts. Recent studies demonstrated that chitosan-based catalysts had high sorption capacities, chelating activities, stability and versatility, which could be potentially applied as green reactants in various scientific and engineering applications. This study intends to review the recent development of chitosan-based catalysts, particularly in the aspects of the main mechanisms for preparing the materials and their applications in environmental green chemistry. Studies on the preparation of catalyst nanoparticles/nanospheres supported on chitosan were also reviewed.

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Section: Nonmetal Catalysts Quaternized Chitosanmentioning

confidence: 99%

Chitosan as a Natural Polymer for Heterogeneous Catalysts Support: A Short Review on Its Applications

2015

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“…Much pioneering work on catalytic CO 2 chemistry was conducted around the world including the groups of Behr [22 -27], Hoberg [28 -35], Walther [36,37], and Dinjus [38 -42], as well as Inoue [43 -47], Musco [48], Yamamoto [49,50], Darensbourg [51,52], and others [53 -57]. These efforts have developed a fundamental understanding of the chemistry of metal complexes with CO 2 providing a sound basis for the rational development of catalytic transformations of this raw material.…”

Section: Reactivity Of Co 2 At Metal Centersmentioning

confidence: 99%

Carbon Dioxide as a Carbon Resource – Recent Trends and Perspectives

Hölscher

Gürtler

Keim

et al. 2012

Zeitschrift Für Naturforschung B

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Dedicated to Professor Heribert Offermanns on the occasion of his 75 th birthdayWith the growing perception of industrialized societies that fossil raw materials are limited resources, academic chemical research and chemical industry have started to introduce novel catalytic technologies which aim at the development of economically competitive processes relying much more strongly on the use of alternative carbon feedstocks. Great interest is given world-wide to carbon dioxide (CO 2 ) as it is part of the global carbon cycle, nontoxic, easily available in sufficient quantities anywhere in the industrialized world, and can be managed technically with ease, and at low cost. In principle carbon dioxide can be used to generate a large variety of synthetic products ranging from bulk chemicals like methanol and formic acid, through polymeric materials, to fine chemicals like aromatic acids useful in the pharmaceutical industry. Owing to the high thermodynamic stability of CO 2 , the energy constraints of chemical reactions have to be carefully analyzed to select promising processes. Furthermore, the high kinetic barriers for incorporation of CO 2 into C-H or C-C bond forming reactions require that any novel transformation of CO 2 must inevitably be associated with a novel catalytic technology. This short review comprises a selection of the most recent academic and industrial research developments mainly with regard to innovations in CO 2 chemistry in the field of homogeneous catalysis and processes.

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“…The understanding of those phenomena is extremely relevant. Several experimental and theoretical efforts [7][8][9] were performed in this direction, including the investigation of the reaction process, the design of the catalyst [10][11][12][13] and of the appropriate substituents at three-membered epoxide rings to form the desired products. Computer simulations represent powerful tools to support the experimentalists towards the development of novel materials.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Molecular simulation on carbon dioxide fixation routes towards synthesis of precursors for innovative urethanes

et al. 2015

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Classical molecular dynamics were carried out in order to obtain insights into proper conditions to perform chemical fixation of carbon dioxide (CO 2 ) with epoxide molecules into cyclic carbonates. Two different molecules containing epoxide groups were investigated: 1,2-Epoxybutane (EB), called linear aliphatic epoxide molecule, and 3-Ethyl-7-oxabicyclo(4.1.0)heptane (EC), called cycloaliphatic epoxide molecule. The reaction systems involving carbon dioxide additionally were catalyzed by tetraethylammonium bromide (TEAB). The dynamics of the molecular groups were studied by taking into account known reaction mechanisms to investigate whether the optimal reaction conditions were observed. Radial distribution functions and self-diffusion coefficients were calculated and revealed that in case of the systems with cycloaliphatic epoxide groups as reagent the CO 2 molecules were located far away from the agglomerate formed by the dispersed tetraethylammonium bromide catalyst and epoxide groups (EC), and they do not present enough mobility to overcome the long distances to react. Additionally, it was observed that, in the case of the linear aliphatic epoxide groups (EB), the dynamics of the groups tends to facilitate the reaction mechanisms by presenting a considerable amount of available CO 2 molecules in the neighborhood of the epoxy rings. Thus, via the Molecular Dynamics insights, the systems containing linear aliphatic epoxide groups presented a much more accessible condition for the subsequent reaction steps of the carbon dioxide fixation to occur as compared to systems containing cycloaliphatic epoxide groups. The simulation results are in agreement with the experimental findings, which showed via infrared spectroscopy the successful conversion of epoxy rings from linear aliphatic epoxide molecules into five-membered cyclic carbonates after reacting with carbon dioxide.

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Catalysts for the reactions of epoxides and carbon dioxide

Cited by 786 publications

References 28 publications

Chitosan as a Natural Polymer for Heterogeneous Catalysts Support: A Short Review on Its Applications

Chitosan as a Natural Polymer for Heterogeneous Catalysts Support: A Short Review on Its Applications

Carbon Dioxide as a Carbon Resource – Recent Trends and Perspectives

Molecular simulation on carbon dioxide fixation routes towards synthesis of precursors for innovative urethanes

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