Cast aluminized explosives (review)

Abstract

This paper reviews the current status and future trends of aluminized explosives. The major focus is on cast compositions, which encompass both the melt-cast trinitrotoluene (TNT) based and the slurry cast polymer-based compositions. Widely reported RDX and HMX based aluminized compositions with TNT used as a binder are discussed in detail. Various researchers have suggested a 15-20% Al content as an optimum from the viewpoint of velocity of detonation. A higher Al content, however, is incorporated in most of the compositions for a sustained blast effect, due to the potential of secondary reactions of Al with detonation products. The effect of the aluminum particle size on performance parameters (velocity of detonation, etc.) is included. There are some recent works on nanometric Al based compositions, and the results obtained by various researchers suggest mixed trends for RDX-TNT compositions. Studies on nitrotriazol and TNT based compositions bring out their low vulnerability. Some of the interesting findings on ammonium dinitramide and bis(2,2,2-trinitro-ethyl)nitramine (BTNEN) based compositions are also included. The review brings out superiority of polymer based aluminized explosives, as compared to conventional TNT based compositions, particularly, with respect to low vulnerability. In general, aluminized plastic bonded explosives find numerous underwater applications. Ammonium perchlorate (AP) is also incorporated, particularly, for enhancing underwater shock wave and bubble energy. Hydroxyl terminated polybutadiene appears to be the binder of choice. However, nitrocellulose, polyethylene glycol, and polycaprolactone polymer based compositions with energetic plasticizers, like bis-dinitropropyl acetal/formal (BDNPA/F, 1/1 mix), trimethylol ethane trinitrate, and triethylene glycol dinitrate are also investigated. Polyethylene glycol and polycaprolactone polymer based compositions are found to be low vulnerable, particularly, in terms of shock sensitivity. Highly insensitive polymer bonded nitrotriazol based compositions are being pursued all over the globe. The highly insensitive CL-20/AP combination meets the demands of high density and high velocity of detonation. Glycidyl azide polymer and poly nitratomethyl methyl oxetane appear to be binders of interest for plastic bonded explosives in view of their superior energetics. The vulnerability aspects of these compositions, however, need to be studied in detail. Brief information on plastic bonded and gelled thermobaric explosives is also included.

Advances in High Energy Materials

“…HTPB appeared as preferred polymer for this class of compositions 82 . It has been reported that the RDX/ HTPB composition ROWANEX-1100 is selected for 105 mm and 155 mm projectiles [83][84][85][86] . A large number of explosive formulations based on cast cured polymers are developed for naval applications.…”

Effects of Aluminum Powder on Ignition Performance of RDX, HMX, and CL-20 Explosives

“…Vadhe et al [2] summarized the development trend of aluminized explosives and considered adequately their low sensitivity and good mechanical properties. Tao et al [3] studied the early dynamic characteristics of Al powder which was heated after the detonation of aluminized explosives.…”

An Improved Simple Method for the Calculation of the Detonation Performance of CHNOFCl, Aluminized and Ammonium Nitrate Explosives

“…By contrast, a non-ideal explosive has significantly different detonation properties to those predicted by well-known computer codes or empirical methods [11,12]. Aluminum (Al) and ammonium nitrate (AN) have wide applications in the explosives industry [15][16][17][18][19]. Explosives containing these compounds show non-ideal behaviour [11,12].…”