Cashew Nut Production in Southern Tanzania III—Early Yields From A Cashew Spacing Experiment

Northwood, P. J.; Tsakiris, A.

doi:10.1080/00128325.1967.11662180

Cited by 7 publications

(3 citation statements)

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“…Major producers of cashew nuts are India, Tanzania, Mozambique and Kenya. However, its production is constrained by low and variable nut yields, nut quality and susceptibility to pests and fungal diseases, particularly Helopeltis and powdery mildew, even though efforts have been made to improve this crop through breeding and other agronomic measures since 1950 (Northwood and Tsakiris 1967). Cashew yields are reported to range from 048 kg/tree, with an average yield of 8001000 kg/ha.…”

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confidence: 99%

Analysis of genetic relationships between populations of cashew (Anacardium occidentale L.) by using morphological characterisation and RAPD markers

Samal¹,

Rout²,

Lenka³

2003

Plant Soil Environ.

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In the present paper genetic relationships of twenty varieties of cashew are described on the basis of morphological characters and RAPD (Randomly Amplified Polymorphic DNA) markers. Results obtained for the phenotypic characters based on similarity coefficient were divided into four clusters with 70% similarity. By means of similarity coefficients (S G ), cluster I was found to consist of twelve varieties. Cluster II consisted of a single variety, NRCC-1, cluster III consisted of six varieties and cluster IV had only one variety, Vridhachalam-2. The analysis started by using RAPD markers that allowed us to distinguish 20 varieties. A total of 80 distinct DNA fragments ranging from 0.2 to 3.0 kb were amplified by using 11 selected random 10-mer primers. Genetic similarity analysis was conducted for the presence or absence of bands in the RAPD profile. Cluster analysis clearly showed that 20 varieties of cashew grouped into two major clusters based on similarity indices. The first major cluster comprised one minor cluster. The other major cluster was divided into two sub-minor clusters, one sub-minor cluster having three varieties and the other sub-minor cluster was represented by 15 varieties. Among the 20 varieties, Ullal-3 and Dhana (H-1608) showed the highest similarity indices (87%). It was noted that Vengurla-2 and Vengurla-3 were not grouped into a single cluster but Vengurla-4 has 82% similarity to Vengurla-3. The variety Vengurla-2 has very close similarity (85%) with variety Vridhachalam-3 (M-26/2). The analysis of genetic relationships in cashew using morphological traits and RAPD banding data can be useful for plant improvement, descriptions of new varieties and also for assessment of variety purity in plant certification programmes.

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confidence: 99%

Analysis of genetic relationships between populations of cashew (Anacardium occidentale L.) by using morphological characterisation and RAPD markers

Samal¹,

Rout²,

Lenka³

2003

Plant Soil Environ.

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“…Otherwise, there is a need to evolve canopy management practices such as pruning and application of growth retardants to curtail the canopy. There have already been a few reports on spacing and yield in this crop (Dagg & Tapley, 1967;Northwood & Tsakiris, 1967;Lefebvre, 1973). These trials clearly showed that high density planting (below 9 x 9 m spacing) was advantageous only in the initial years but resulted in a decline in yield after 2-3 years of production.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Fruiting and abscission patterns in cashew

Subbaiah

1983

J. Agric. Sci.

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SUMMARYThe variation in setting fruit and immature fruit abscission at successive nodes of an individual panicle, and in panicles at different directions of the canopy in an individual tree, were studied in cashew (Anacardium occidentale L.). The numbers of perfect flowers and fruits set increased from the proximal to the distal end with the maximum yield at the fifth or sixth nodes in a panicle of 8–10 branches. The productivity of an entire inflorescence or a whole fruiting branch was related to its orientation with respect to the sun. The numbers of nodes and fruits set and the percentage of fruit retained were maximal in panicles located on the western and southern sides of the canopy. Tea mosquito damage was also less on these sides of the canopy but the physiological disorder of ‘apple’ cracking was higher here than on the eastern and northern sides. These variations are discussed in relation to the differences in the incident photosynthetically active radiation on these sides.

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“…The optimum spacing varies with the age of the tree and its vigour, and with the availability of soil water. Since yields (per tree and per unit area) decline once overlapping of the adjacent canopies occurs (Northwood and Tsakiris, 1967), recommendations for the optimum spacing of these wide spreading trees vary as they age. There has to be a compromise between high initial yields at a close spacing (e.g.…”

Section: Crop Developmentmentioning

confidence: 99%

THE WATER RELATIONS AND IRRIGATION REQUIREMENTS OF CASHEW (ANACARDIUM OCCIDENTALE L.): A REVIEW

Carr

2013

Ex. Agric.

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The centre of origin of cashew is believed to be Brazil, from where it has spread since the 16th century throughout the tropics. In recent years, Vietnam has surpassed India to become the world's largest producer of cashew nut. Most of the research on the water relations of cashew has been done in Brazil, where it is both a large-scale commercial and a smallholder crop, and in Australia, where cashew is a possible emerging new crop. There are two 'types' of cashew: 'talls' and 'dwarfs'. Both are evergreen trees in which vegetative growth occurs in a series of flushes. Flowers form annually on the end of branches in the dry season, and flowering continues for two to four months. It then takes about two months from pollination for the nut to mature. Roots can extend to great depths (>5 m), while cashew's wide-spreading rooting habit is critical to its successful adaptation to semi-arid/dry conditions. The optimum temperature for CO 2 assimilation is in the range 25-35 • C. Progressive closure of the stomata occurs at saturation deficits of the air >1.5 kPa. In the field, differences in rates of gas exchange between irrigated and unirrigated cashew trees only become apparent three or four months after the end of the rains, the stomata playing an important role in maintaining a favourable leaf water status in dry conditions. Sap flow measurements indicate transpiration rates of 20-28 L d −1 tree −1 . Irrigation can be beneficial during the period from flowering to the start of harvest, but reliable estimates of water productivity have yet to be established. The best/only estimate is 0.26 kg (nut in shell) m −3 (irrigation water). There is a continuing need to develop a method to estimate the water requirements of cashew, to identify where and when irrigation of cashew is likely to be justified and to develop a practical irrigation schedule.

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Cashew Nut Production in Southern Tanzania III—Early Yields From A Cashew Spacing Experiment

Cited by 7 publications

References 2 publications

Analysis of genetic relationships between populations of cashew (Anacardium occidentale L.) by using morphological characterisation and RAPD markers

Analysis of genetic relationships between populations of cashew (Anacardium occidentale L.) by using morphological characterisation and RAPD markers

Fruiting and abscission patterns in cashew

THE WATER RELATIONS AND IRRIGATION REQUIREMENTS OF CASHEW (ANACARDIUM OCCIDENTALE L.): A REVIEW

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