Case study on evacuation rates within the world trade center towers on September 11, 2001

Cooperative and competitive behaviour among passengers during the costa concordia disaster

“…As reported in many studies, people experience fear and uncertainty, but this does not necessarily mean that they will act selfishly or impulsively (Quarantelli, 2008(Quarantelli, , 1986Alexander, 2013;Lowe and Fothergill, 2003). After moments of uncertainty and milling, in fact, people often start to evacuate in a self-organised and coordinated (Connell, 2001) manner, usually acting as a group, especially in the presence of familiar people (Riad et al, 1999;. This happens because people act in groups, with familiar persons and relatives, unknown people or both in normal circumstances and in the majority of routine situations.…”