Case report: Asymptomatic renal arteriovenous fistula requiring endovascular embolization in a living donor transplanted kidney more than 15-years after last protocol biopsy

Arteriovenous malformation in the kidney allograft: A rare cause of hematuria in the post-transplant patient

“…AVM is a vascular abnormality that can be congenital or acquired. Acquired AVM consists of more than 70% of all AVM, which often occurs due to inflammation, trauma, or percutaneous procedures (e.g., renal biopsy) [1 , [10] , [11] , [12] , [13] , [14] . Conversely, congenital AVM accounts for the remaining 20% of cases; the vast majority of them are unknown [11] .…”

“…DSA remains the modality of choice in establishing renal AVM diagnosis and embolization [14 , 15] . Selective embolization effectively treats AVM and interferes less with the renal parenchyma.…”