Case report: Application of three-dimensional technologies for surgical treatment of portosystemic shunt with segmental caudal vena cava aplasia in two dogs

Abstract

This case report describes the application of three-dimensional (3D) technologies for the surgical treatment of portosystemic shunt (PSS) with segmental caudal vena cava (CVC) aplasia. Two client-owned dogs were diagnosed with PSS along with segmental CVC aplasia using computed tomography. Through 3D volume and surface rendering, the vascular anatomic anomaly of each patient was identified in detail. A patient-specific 3D vascular model was used for preoperative planning. According to the plan established based on the 3D rendered image and printed model, shunt occlusion was performed using cellophane banding in the first case. An ameroid constrictor was used in the second case. Both patients showed good recovery without any clinical symptoms or complications. The use of 3D technologies in small animals has many advantages, and its use in vascular surgery, as in these cases, is also a therapeutic option worth considering.

Comparison of two‐dimensional imaging to three‐dimensional modeling of intrahepatic portosystemic shunts using computed tomography angiography

“…Multiple studies in human medicine compare the use of 3D models to traditional 2D imaging. 9,10,11 In addition to facilitating a better understanding of spatial orientation for both experts and beginners, 15,16 3D models have been proven to be as effective as 2D…”

“…We elected to compare 2D imaging with 3D models from CTA data. Multiple studies in human medicine compare the use of 3D models to traditional 2D imaging 9,10,11 . In addition to facilitating a better understanding of spatial orientation for both experts and beginners, 15,16 3D models have been proven to be as effective as 2D images in image quality when analyzing specific anatomic parameters such as peripheral arterial measurements for stenosis detection 17 and aortic root diameters in cases of dilation 18 .…”

“…In multiple studies, 3D models have been shown to enhance clinician confidence by allowing them to plan interventional or surgical procedures prior to working on a live patient, allowing for a more individualized approach to patient care. 9,10 In veterinary medicine, patient-specific models have the potential to improve owners' understanding of their pet's condition and the recommended course of treatment. Another benefit of individualized models for IHPSS is the ability for patient-specific preprocedural planning since the morphology of these shunts varies markedly between patients.…”

“…Recently, 3D vascular modeling has shown promise in human and veterinary medical applications, including preprocedural planning, simulation, education, and medical device testing. In multiple studies, 3D models have been shown to enhance clinician confidence by allowing them to plan interventional or surgical procedures prior to working on a live patient, allowing for a more individualized approach to patient care 9,10 . In veterinary medicine, patient‐specific models have the potential to improve owners’ understanding of their pet's condition and the recommended course of treatment.…”

Three-Dimensional Models of Liver Vessels for Navigation during Laparotomic Attenuation of Intrahepatic Portosystemic Shunt in Dogs

“…To face such problems, 3D-printed models produced on the basis of preoperative CT images have been increasingly used in different fields of human and veterinary surgery [ 14 , 15 , 16 , 17 ]. Recently, such models of the portal and hepatic vein anatomy have been proposed to support PSS surgery in experimental dogs [ 18 ], as well as in two canine patients with natural EHPSS [ 19 ]. However, to our best knowledge, no experiences were published of this technology applied in the surgical treatment of canine IHPSS.…”