Hypoglycemia is frequently found in dogs suffering from portosystemic shunt (PSS). However, the mechanisms leading to abnormal blood glucose concentration in such dogs have not been studied. Therefore, investigations were undertaken to study the structure of pancreatic islets in 25 patients with congenital PSS (cPSS). Material for morphometry and histopathology was taken during the surgical closing of the abnormal blood vessel. A total of 75 islets (3 randomly chosen from each patient) were analyzed, and their average size was compared to reference values for dogs that were considered as 50-325 μm. The average size of 47 (63%) islets was below 50 μm, whereas the mean dimension of the largest islet did not exceeded 80 μm. The average islet size in all patients was 46 (SD 13.3) μm and in only 2 dogs (8%) all 3 analyzed islets were bigger than the lower reference value. Histopathological examination revealed cytoplasmic vesicles in pancreatic cells, as well as extracellular, homogenous, acidophilic deposits in pancreatic islets. These results indicate that in dogs suffering from cPSS the pancreatic islets are smaller than the reference values and their cells may contain abnormal structures.

Lipomas are common, usually slow-growing, benign tumours of mesenchymal origin that most commonly occur on the proximal limb and trunk of middle-aged to older dogs. They are rarely associated with either local invasion or malignancy, unlike infiltrative lipomas and liposarcomas, respectively. Three dogs, a 10-year-old mixed-breed female of 35 kg body weight, a 10-yearold mixed-breed male of 30 kg body weight, and an 11-year old female German shepherd of 38 kg body weight, were presented with a 3-6 month (median, 5 months) history of progressive left pelvic limb lameness and thigh swelling. A lesion affecting the soft tissue of the thigh and the left sciatic nerve was suspected in all dogs. A left thigh magnetic resonance (MR) revealed a homogenous, well circumscribed tumour in the mixed-breed dogs and two similar tumours in the German shepherd. The tumours were interposed between the semimembranosus and semitendinosus muscles. The treatment involved surgical extirpation of the tumours. A follow-up examination 12 months post operation showed mild lameness and proprioceptive deficits in the operated limb in all the dogs. The withdrawal reflex and the cranial tibial reflex were normal. Neither mass nor thickening were palpable in the thigh region. Although intermuscular lipoma is rare, it should be suspected in dogs with progressive monoparesis. Magnetic resonance is a valuable imaging method for diagnostic precision and pre-operative planning. Quick diagnosis and decompressive surgery are required to allow recovery. Canine, benign tumour, sciatic nerve

Hepatic stellate cells play a crucial role in the development of liver fibrosis. In a damaged liver, stellate cells undergo activation, which is manifested as a change of their phenotype: differentiation of stellate cells to myofibroblast-type cells, expression of alpha-Smooth Muscle Actin, their proliferation and a reduction in the size of cytoplasmic lipid droplets. The aim of this study was to determine the number and morphology of stellate cells in the canine liver affected by congenital portosystemic shunt (PSS) and portal vein hypoplasia – hepatic microvascular dysplasia (PVH-HMD). The material for investigation were archived paraffin blocks with liver samples collected supravitally from six dogs with PSS, six dogs with PVH-HMD and six healthy dogs. On the HE-stained sections, the number of stellate cells per 100 hepatocytes was counted (Sztark method) and the diameter of veins in the hepatic triads was measured (light microscope Olympus BX 43, SC30 camera, CellSens Entry 2011 Olympus). In addition, the diameter of lipid droplets in stellate cells was measured (computed image analysis system LUCIA 4.21). The results were analysed statistically (the Kruskal-Wallis test followed by Dunn’s post-hoc procedure; significance level (α) at 0.05; Statistica 12 StatSoft Inc.). The degree of liver fibrosis was determined (Masson’s method of slide stain; Scheuer scale). The liver samples from the dogs with PSS and PVH-HMD were stained immunohistochemically with Monoclonal Mouse Anti-Human Smooth Muscle Actin (α-SMA), clone 1A4, antibodies (DAKO). Portosystemic shunt and primary portal vein hypoplasia in the dog results in a reduction in the diameter of portal vein branches and in insufficient portal blood flow through the liver. In the material investigated, this was particularly evident in the animals affected by PSS: such dogs had a significantly smaller diameter of the veins than did the healthy dogs (p<0.001) or the dogs with PVH-HMD (p=0.023). Fibrosis and the expression of α-SMA were stronger in the dogs with PSS than in those with PVH-HMD. Moreover, the dogs with PSS had a significantly higher average number of stellate cells than the healthy animals (p=0.007) did. However, the examination of the material revealed an enlargement of cytoplasmic lipid droplets: the dogs with PSS had a significantly larger diameter of lipid vacuoles in the cytoplasm of stellate cells than did the healthy animals (p<0.001) or the dogs with PVH-HMD (p=0.043); the dogs with PVH-HMD had lipid droplets with a significantly larger diameter than the healthy animals (p<0.001) did. Hypoperfusion of the liver and the accompanying regressive lesions in hepatocytes result mainly in an increased number of stellate cells and stronger expression of α-SMA, while cytoplasmic lipid droplets in the stellate cells are not reduced in size. The present study indicates the need for detailed analyses of clinical cases and warrants further comprehensive studies of comparative hepatopathology because it demonstrates differences between humans and dogs in the morphological indicators of hepatic stellate cell activation in chronic liver damage.

Introduction: The clinical symptoms of portosystemic shunts (PSSs) and hepatic microvascular dysplasia (HMD) – portal vein hypoplasia (PVH) in dogs are similar. PSSs are abnormal vascular connections between the portal vein system and systemic veins. HMD is a very rare developmental vascular anomaly, recognisable during histopathological examination. The study aim was to assess the prevalence of HMD–PVH and hepatocellular and vascular pathologies in the liver. Material and Methods: Liver biopsies from 140 dogs (of different breeds and both sexes) arousing clinical suspicion of PSS were examined histopathologically. Results: An initial PSS diagnosis was confirmed in 125 dogs (89.29%). HMD–PVH was found in 12.32% of dogs, as an isolated disease in 9.29%, especially in Yorkshire terriers, and with extrahepatic PSS in 6.67%. Histopathological analysis of muscles around sublobular veins showed that HMD cases presented hypertrophy or hypertrophy with fibrosis. In 2.17% of all dogs with liver vascular developmental disorders calcification was visible around vessels (without correlation by degenerative changes in those vessels), suggesting prior onset of deep metabolic disorders. Clinical suspicion of PSS was also formed upon quite different pathological processes in young dogs. Conclusion: Histopathological findings diagnosed the type of vascular anomalies (PSS or HMD–PVH) or other pathological changes conclusively, therefore detailed hepatic histopathology is an indispensable component of the clinical diagnostic process.

Congenital ureteral ectopia is an abnormality in which one or both ureters terminate at a position other than the urinary bladder trigone. this condition is the most frequent reason for early (since birth or weaning) urinary incontinence in dogs (Fossum 2007, Ho and others 2011, Reichler and others 2012). in such cases, early surgical correction of ureteral ectopia is required. in cases of delayed surgical intervention, permanent urinary incontinence, recurrent urinary tract infections, and hypoplasia of the urinary bladder can be noticed (Holt 2008, Ho and others 2011). little is known about the effective treatment of neutered bitches with concurrent ureteral ectopia and intrapelvic urinary bladder. Ho and others (2011) found only two such patients in a group of 33 dogs. these dogs were treated surgically (correction of ectopic ureters and colposuspension) without satisfactory effects (incontinence after surgery). this short communication describes the results of surgical treatment of incontinent adult bitches with ureteral ectopia, and small (hypoplastic) intrapelvic urinary bladder. nine adult neutered bitches (4.5±2 years old and 34.6±6.59 kg bodyweight), with urinary incontinence were referred (table 1). the dogs were previously treated pharmacologically (phenylpropanolamine, oestriol and some antibiotics), due to presumed diagnosis of urethral sphincter mechanism incompetence and recurrent episodes of urinary tract infection. Such treatment only resulted in short-term remission of clinical symptoms. identification of ureteral ectopia included the use of excretory urography and intraoperative examination. imaging studies were performed in dogs positioned in the right lateral, right oblique, left oblique and dorsal recumbency, and evaluated according to guidelines described by Samii and others (2004). Contrast studies were suggestive of ureteral ectopia. a small intrapelvic urinary bladder was also found in all the dogs (Figs 1 and 2). the urinary bladder was classified as pelvically positioned when the trigone was caudal to the pubic brim, regardless of degree of the bladder distention (Samii and others 2004).

SummaryThe aim of the study was to compare the usefulness of different diagnostic procedures -radiology, computed tomography and histopathology -in slipped femoral epiphysis in cats (SCFE). Case histories of 7 cats and radiographic, computed tomography and histopathological findings for these animals were reviewed and compared with previously published cases of slipped capital femoral epiphysis. Three cats underwent computed tomography examination. Contrary to the literature data, the British Shorthair breed was overrepresented in the examined group (57.1%). In five cats, slipped capital femoral epiphysis developed unilaterally, but in one of these cats SCFE had also been diagnosed in the contralateral hip joint 6 months after initial treatment. Patients with SCFE were surgically treated by femoral head and neck amputation. The study suggests that the results of X-ray and computed tomography examinations are comparable. An early diagnosis, with very subtle changes of SCFE detected successfully by computed tomography, could lead to conservative or early surgical treatment. Histopathological findings are helpful in SCFE and confirm the correct diagnosis. Furthermore, the results do not support the theory that slipped capital femoral epiphysis develops mainly in overweight and neutered cats.

Portosystemic shunt (PSS) in dogs is a common abnormality in which blood from the intestines bypasses the liver flowing directly to the systemic circulation through an aberrant vessel. The lack of hepatic detoxication can lead to a fatal outcome. Treatment of choice is a surgical occlusion of the shunt. Gastrointestinal ulceration/ erosion (GUE) has been described as one of the numerous clinical consequences of PSS, As these lesions are a severe complication, and seem to be underestimated, this review presents the current knowledge about GUE in dogs with PSS. Although the pathogenesis of these lesions is not clear and experimental data are scarce, we conclude that proton pump inhibitors should be administered pre- and postoperatively to dogs with PSS to reduce the incidence of GUE and thus increase the recovery rate.

Laparotomic attenuation of an intrahepatic portosystemic shunt (IHPSS) is more difficult than an extrahepatic one, and results in a higher risk of complications because the identification of the aberrant vessel in the liver remains often a challenge. Excessive preparation and traction of the parenchyma results in trauma, bleeding, and prolonged surgery, which is what worsens the prognosis. Therefore, based on computed tomographic angiography, we printed 3-dimensional (3D) individual patient liver models, scaled 1:1, and used them for surgery planning and as a guide during intraoperative identification of the shunt in four dogs with IHPSS. The advantages of the 3D technology are simple and precise planning of the surgery, fast intraoperative identification of the shunt, and low invasive dissection of the liver parenchyma. We conclude that 3D technology can potentially raise the recovery rate. To the best of our knowledge, this was the first application of 3D models in the surgery of canine IHPSS.