Case of imported Vibrio cholerae O1 from India to South Africa

Ismail, Husna; Smith, Anthony M.; Archer, Brett N.; Tau, Nomsa P.; Sooka, Arvinda; Thomas, Juno; Prinsloo, Ben; Keddy, Karen H.

doi:10.3855/jidc.2448

Cited by 8 publications

(3 citation statements)

References 16 publications

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“…On the other hand, only a few reports on V. cholerae O1 El Tor variants have emanated from Africa. These include countries in West Africa, Nigeria, Cameroon (Quilici et al ., 2010), South Africa, Mozambique (Ansaruzzaman et al ., 2004), Angola (Ceccarelli et al ., 2011), Zimbabwe (Islam et al ., 2011), South Africa (Ismail et al ., 2012) and Zanzibar (Naha et al ., 2013). All of the V. cholerae O1 isolates in our study were identified as the El Tor variant genotype.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Prevalence of Vibrio cholerae O1 El Tor variant in a cholera-endemic zone of Kenya

Saidi

Chowdhury

Awasthi

et al. 2014

Journal of Medical Microbiology

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Since 2007, Kenya has experienced an increase in cholera outbreaks characterized by a high fatality rate. In this study, we characterized 81 Vibrio cholerae isolates from diarrhoeal stool samples in Nyanza, a cholera-endemic lake region of Kenya, for virulence properties, clonality and antibiotic susceptibility. Eighty of these isolates were V. cholerae O1 El Tor variants carrying the classical ctxB gene sequence, while one isolate was V. cholerae non-O1/O139. All of the El Tor variants were of clonal origin, as revealed by PFGE, and were susceptible to ampicillin, tetracycline, ciprofloxacin, fosfomycin, kanamycin and norfloxacin. However, the isolates showed resistance to sulfamethoxazole/trimethoprim and streptomycin, and intermediate resistance to nalidixic acid, chloramphenicol and imipenem. The non-O1/O139 isolate carried the cholix toxin II gene (chxA II) and was susceptible to all antimicrobials tested except ampicillin. We propose that an El Tor variant clone caused the Nyanza cholera outbreak of 2007-2008. INTRODUCTIONCholera is one of the most devastating diseases encountered by humans. The disease, which is characterized by severe watery diarrhoea and loss of body fluids, is caused by a Gram-negative bacterium, Vibrio cholerae (Bentivoglio & Pacini, 1995). There are more than 200 serogroups of V. cholerae, but only O1 and O139 are known to cause cholera pandemics (Kaper et al., 1995). V. cholerae O1 has been classified into two biotypes, El Tor and classical. At least the fifth and sixth cholera pandemics were caused by the classical biotype, with the seventh pandemic caused by the El Tor biotype, which originated on the Celebes islands of Indonesia in 1961 and gradually replaced classical strains. The seventh pandemic initially spread to other parts of Asia and reached Africa in the 1970s (Kaper et al., 1995).Africa was noted to have a greater upsurge in cholera outbreaks than other continents. For example, between 1995 and 2005, 417 out of a total global report of 632 outbreaks occurred in Africa (Griffith et al., 2006). The total number of cases in Africa was 423 904, which made up 87.6 % of the global total of 484 246 cases (Griffith et al., 2006). Another upsurge in cholera outbreaks occurred between (WHO, 2006. Again, more cases were reported in Africa than other parts of the globe. The magnitude of these outbreaks led to speculation that cholera may have found a new homeland in Africa (Gaffga et al., 2007). The impact of cholera was augmented by the effects of global weather change (Emch et al., 2008), natural disasters such as floods (de Magny et al., 2012) and political instability, which led to the mushrooming of refugee camps in various part of Africa (Hatch et al., 1994;Iijima et al., 1995; Shultz et al., 2009). In additional to the increased rate of outbreaks, the case fatality rate in Africa remained above 1.0 %, with some African countries experiencing case fatality rates as high as 12 % (WHO, 2009). The severity of cholera can also be attributed to more virulent V. cholerae O1 ...

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Prevalence of Vibrio cholerae O1 El Tor variant in a cholera-endemic zone of Kenya

Saidi

Chowdhury

Awasthi

et al. 2014

Journal of Medical Microbiology

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“…Other recent study from the Asian continent reveals that Non-O1/Non-O139 -Vc is linked to 70% of case that resemble cholera. Some refers to such pathogens as the choleragenic Non-O1/Non-O139 V. cholerae since the various symptoms of SAAT V. cholerae infected patients were observed in NAG infected patients (Dutta et al 2013 ; Ismail et al 2012 ). This rare gastroenteritis are today becoming prevalent amongst hospitalized monomicrobic patients of greater than five years of age and a history of non-choleraegenic Vibrio infections (Janda et al 2015 ).…”

Section: Epidemology Of Cholera and Risk Factorsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Non-serogroup O1/O139 agglutinable Vibrio cholerae: a phylogenetically and genealogically neglected yet emerging potential pathogen of clinical relevance

2022

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Somatic antigen agglutinable type-1/139 Vibrio cholerae (SAAT-1/139- Vc ) members or O1/O139 V. cholerae have been described by various investigators as pathogenic due to their increasing virulence potential and production of choleragen. Reported cholera outbreak cases around the world have been associated with these choleragenic V. cholerae with high case fatality affecting various human and animals. These virulent Vibrio members have shown genealogical and phylogenetic relationship with the avirulent somatic antigen non-agglutinable strains of 1/139 V. cholerae (SANAS-1/139- Vc ) or O1/O139 non-agglutinating V. cholerae (O1/O139-NAG- Vc ). Reports on implication of O1/O139-NAGVc members in most sporadic cholera/cholera-like cases of diarrhea, production of cholera toxin and transmission via consumption and/or contact with contaminated water/seafood are currently on the rise. Some reported sporadic cases of cholera outbreaks and observed change in nature has also been tracable to these non-agglutinable Vibrio members (O1/O139-NAGVc) yet there is a sustained paucity of research interest on the non-agglutinable V. cholerae members. The emergence of fulminating extraintestinal and systemic vibriosis is another aspect of SANAS-1/139- Vc implication which has received low attention in terms of research driven interest. This review addresses the need to appraise and continually expand research based studies on the somatic antigen non-serogroup agglutinable type-1/139 V. cholerae members which are currently prevalent in studies of water bodies, fruits/vegetables, foods and terrestrial environment. Our opinion is amassed from interest in integrated surveillance studies, management/control of cholera outbreaks as well as diarrhea and other disease-related cases both in the rural, suburban and urban metropolis.

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“…PulseNet Africa is operational and active [ 27 , 28 ], with an established database of PFGE patterns for V . cholerae O1 isolated in sub-Saharan Africa [ 7 , 11 , 29 ]. Therefore, for molecular subtyping of V .…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Comparative Characterization of Vibrio cholerae O1 from Five Sub-Saharan African Countries Using Various Phenotypic and Genotypic Techniques

et al. 2015

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We used standardized methodologies to characterize Vibrio cholerae O1 isolates from Guinea, Democratic Republic of the Congo (DRC), Togo, Côte d’Ivoire and Mozambique. We investigated 257 human isolates collected in 2010 to 2013. DRC isolates serotyped O1 Inaba, while isolates from other countries serotyped O1 Ogawa. All isolates were biotype El Tor and positive for cholera toxin. All isolates showed multidrug resistance but lacked ciprofloxacin resistance. Antimicrobial susceptibility profiles of isolates varied between countries. In particular, the susceptibility profile of isolates from Mozambique (East-Africa) included resistance to ceftriaxone and was distinctly different to the susceptibility profiles of isolates from countries located in West- and Central-Africa. Molecular subtyping of isolates using pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE) analysis showed a complex relationship among isolates. Some PFGE patterns were unique to particular countries and clustered by country; while other PFGE patterns were shared by isolates from multiple countries, indicating that the same genetic lineage is present in multiple countries. Our data add to a better understanding of cholera epidemiology in Africa.

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Case of imported Vibrio cholerae O1 from India to South Africa

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Cited by 8 publications

References 16 publications

Prevalence of Vibrio cholerae O1 El Tor variant in a cholera-endemic zone of Kenya

Prevalence of Vibrio cholerae O1 El Tor variant in a cholera-endemic zone of Kenya

Non-serogroup O1/O139 agglutinable Vibrio cholerae: a phylogenetically and genealogically neglected yet emerging potential pathogen of clinical relevance

Comparative Characterization of Vibrio cholerae O1 from Five Sub-Saharan African Countries Using Various Phenotypic and Genotypic Techniques

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