“…For example, surveys of case managers have identified attitudes about case management (Rubin & Johnson, 1982;Middleton, 1985), described issues related to implementing services (Middleton, 1985), and explored time allocation (Kurtz, Bagarozzi, & Polane, 1984;MacEachron, Pensky, & Hawes, 1986;Wright, Skelbar, & Heiman, 1987). Although a few studies have attempted to examine the effects of case management on recipients and have suggested that recipients benefit from the services they receive (Baker & Weiss, 1984;Rapp & Chamberlain, 1985;Zimmerman, 1987), these studies have been criticized on methodological grounds.…”