Carry-over of dioxins and PCBs from feed and soil to eggs at low contamination levels – influence of mycotoxin binders on the carry-over from feed to eggs

Hoogenboom, L.A.P.; Kan, C.A.; Zeilmaker, Marco J.; Eijkeren, Jan van; Traag, W.A.

doi:10.1080/02652030500512037

Cited by 80 publications

(55 citation statements)

References 15 publications

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“…In Table S1 results on bioaccumulation of individual dioxin congeners in eggs from hens reared outdoors are divergent. Some studies reported that the more highly chlorinated PCDD/F congeners bioaccumulated to the highest degree (Menotta et al, 2010;Hsu et al, 2010;Chang et al, 1989); however, these results conflict with findings from other studies, in which the accumulation of less chlorinated compounds was predominant De Pauw, 2005, 2006;Stephens et al, 1995;Schuler et al, 1997;Hoogenboom et al, 2006;Roszko et al, 2014;Rawn et al, 2012). Data presented in our study support this latter theory, highlighting the importance of fingerprinting PCDD/F sources to discover the origin of the contaminants.…”

Section: Predominance Of Dioxins and Pcb Congenerssupporting

confidence: 60%

Human dietary exposure and levels of polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins (PCDDs), polychlorinated dibenzofurans (PCDFs), dioxin-like polychlorinated biphenyls (DL-PCBs) and non-dioxin-like polychlorinated biphenyls (NDL-PCBs) in free-range eggs close to a secondary aluminum smelter, Northern Italy

Squadrone

Brizio

Nespoli

et al. 2015

Environmental Pollution

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Section: Predominance Of Dioxins and Pcb Congenerssupporting

confidence: 60%

Human dietary exposure and levels of polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins (PCDDs), polychlorinated dibenzofurans (PCDFs), dioxin-like polychlorinated biphenyls (DL-PCBs) and non-dioxin-like polychlorinated biphenyls (NDL-PCBs) in free-range eggs close to a secondary aluminum smelter, Northern Italy

Squadrone

Brizio

Nespoli

et al. 2015

Environmental Pollution

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“…Under steady state conditions, around 30% of the lower chlorinated compounds are transferred into milk, as compared to only 4% of the higher chlorinated congeners. Similar results were obtained in laying hens, showing carry-over rates of 53 and 59% for PCB 138 and 153, as compared to 49% for PCB 126 (Hoogenboom et al 2005). For both PCB as for PCDD/PCDF, the higher chlorinated compounds tend to accumulate in the liver.…”

Section: Behaviour Of Pcb and Pcdd/pcdf In Farm Animalssupporting

confidence: 74%

“…The first phase was followed by a much slower second phase, depending on the mobilization of PCB from the more poorly perfused fat tissues. Half-lives in laying hens for both PCB and PCDD/PCDF were determined to be around seven to eight weeks (Eijkeren et al, 2005). These half-lives are likely to vary with the breed and productivity of the animals.…”

Section: Behaviour Of Pcb and Pcdd/pcdf In Farm Animalsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Approaches based on pharmacokinetic modelling (PB-PK-modelling) usually take into account the size of the different tissues and organs and parameters like blood flow and milk or egg production (Derks et al, 1994, Eijkeren et al, 2005. Usually the bioconcentration factor is expressed as the ratio of the concentrations in feed and milk, based on wet weight or lipid base.…”

Section: Modelling Of the Behaviour Of Pcbmentioning

confidence: 99%

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2005

EFSA Journal

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SUMMARYPolychlorinated biphenyls (PCB) cover a group of 209 different PCB congeners which can be divided into two groups according to their toxicological properties. One group, consisting of 12 congeners, show toxicological properties similar to dioxins, is therefore termed "dioxinlike PCB" (DL-PCB), and these have been included in the "Risk Assessment of Dioxins and Dioxin-Like PCBs in Food" performed by the EU Scientific Committee on Food (SCF). The other PCB, referred to as "non dioxin-like PCB" (NDL-PCB), have not been previously evaluated by the SCF or EFSA. Both groups of PCB, NDL-PCB as well DL-PCB, are usually found in feed and food.PCB were widely used in a number of industrial and commercial applications. It is estimated that more than 1 million tons of technical PCB mixtures were produced world-wide since their first commercial use in the late 1920s. Although produced by comparable production processes, technical PCB mixtures contain both DL and NDL-PCB and may vary considerably with respect to their congener composition due to differences in the amount of chlorine and the reaction conditions applied. Moreover, technical PCB mixtures contain other dioxin-like compounds as impurities, such as polychlorinated dibenzofurans (PCDF). The different compositions as well as the presence of toxicologically relevant impurities may have a significant impact on the results of toxicological studies with technical PCB mixtures.Although the manufacture, processing and distribution of PCB has been prohibited in almost all industrial countries since the late 1980s, their entry into the environment still occurs, especially due to improper disposal practices or leaks in electrical equipment and hydraulic systems still in use. PCB are highly persistent and are globally circulated by atmospheric transport and thus are present in all environmental media.Data on the occurrence of NDL-PCB in food and feed have been reported in different ways for example as the sum of three PCB congeners (PCB 138, 153 and 180), as the sum of six PCB congeners (PCB 28, 52, 101, 138, 153, 180) often referred to as indicator PCB or as the sum of seven (sum of six indicator PCB plus PCB 118). This lack of consistency often hampers a direct comparison of occurrence data. The Panel decided to use the sum of the six indicator PCB as the basis for the evaluation in this opinion, because these congeners are appropriate indicators for different PCB patterns in various sample matrices and are most suitable for a risk assessment of NDL-PCB on the basis of the available data. The Panel noted that the sum of the six indicator PCB represents about 50% of total NDL-PCB in food.Following exposure of farm animals, NDL-PCB will accumulate in meat, liver and particularly in fat tissues. In addition, NDL-PCB will be transferred into milk and eggs, and levels in these products will reach a steady state following exposure over a period of several weeks. PCB 138 and 153, both with six chlorine atoms, show the highest carry-over into milk and eggs, in the order of 5...

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“…The dioxin level in animal products (meat, eggs, and milk) is linked to the dioxin content in the feed by a linear relationship (Hoogenboom et al, 2006;Rideout and Teschke, 2004;Van Overmeire et al, 2009). While for animals reared indoor, the ingestion of dioxins is mainly linked to feedstuffs ingestion, animals reared outdoor ingest significant amounts of soil ranging from 0.5 to~8% of the dry weight ingested (Fries, 1996).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Potential impact of fertilization practices on human dietary intake of dioxins in Belgium

Dumortier

Elskens

Focant

et al. 2012

Science of The Total Environment

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Dioxins can enter the food chain at any stage, including crop fertilization. Therefore, we developed a simple method for estimating the introduction of dioxins in the food chain according to various fertilization practices. Using dioxin's contamination data taken from the literature, we estimated that fertilization accounts for approximately 20% of the dioxin inputs on agricultural soils at country scale. For the estimations at the field scale, 6 fertilization scenarios were considered: sludge, compost, digestate, manure, mineral fertilizers, and a common fertilization scenario that corresponds to an average situation in Belgium and combines mineral and organic fertilizers. According to our first estimations, mineral fertilizers, common fertilization practices or manure bring less than 1 ng TEQ/m² while atmospheric deposition or digestate bring between 1 and 3 ng TEQ/m² and sludge or compost bring more than 3 ng TEQ/m². The use of solid fertilizers could potentially increase the dioxin levels in the 30 cm agricultural soil layer by 0 to~1.5% per year (up to~9% for the 5 cm thick surface layer). For animals, the increase in dioxin ingestion linked to the fertilization practices is lower than 1% for most scenarios with the exception of the compost scenario. Increases in human dietary intake of dioxin are estimated to be lower than 1% for conventional rearing methods (i.e. grazing animals are reared outdoor while pigs and poultry are reared indoor). Spraying liquid fertilizers on meadows and fodder crops, even if very limited in practice, deserves much more attention because this application method could theoretically lead to higher dioxin's intake by livestock (from 6 to~300%). Considering an average half-life of dioxins in soils of 13 years, it appears that the risks of accumulation in soils and in the food chain are negligible for the various fertilization scenarios.

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Carry-over of dioxins and PCBs from feed and soil to eggs at low contamination levels – influence of mycotoxin binders on the carry-over from feed to eggs

Cited by 80 publications

References 15 publications

Human dietary exposure and levels of polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins (PCDDs), polychlorinated dibenzofurans (PCDFs), dioxin-like polychlorinated biphenyls (DL-PCBs) and non-dioxin-like polychlorinated biphenyls (NDL-PCBs) in free-range eggs close to a secondary aluminum smelter, Northern Italy

Human dietary exposure and levels of polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins (PCDDs), polychlorinated dibenzofurans (PCDFs), dioxin-like polychlorinated biphenyls (DL-PCBs) and non-dioxin-like polychlorinated biphenyls (NDL-PCBs) in free-range eggs close to a secondary aluminum smelter, Northern Italy

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Potential impact of fertilization practices on human dietary intake of dioxins in Belgium

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