Carriage, Risk Factors, and Antimicrobial Resistance Patterns of Salmonella Isolates from Raw Beef in Jimma, Southwestern Ethiopia

Abstract

Purpose Consumption of raw beef infected with multidrug-resistant Salmonella is pertinent to the world public health risk of antimicrobial resistance. Henceforth, this study aimed to investigate the carriage, antimicrobial resistance (AR) patterns, and the revealing risk factors of Salmonella-contaminating beef in abattoirs and butcher shops in Jimma town. Methods A cross-sectional study was conducted to investigate the carriage and AR patterns and to reveal the risk factors of beef contaminated by Salmonella spp. Three hundred and forty-eight swab samples were collected from abattoirs (n=210) and butcher shops (n=138) and the conventional cultural methods were employed for identification of Salmonella. Isolates were subjected to 12 antimicrobials using the Kirby–Bauer disk diffusion method for AR patterns. Results The occurrence of Salmonella isolates from the abattoir samples was 11.4%, whereas about 6.52% of isolates were recovered from butcher shops. Educational status (abattoir: odds ratio (OR)=8.40, confidence interval (CI)=1.186–59.493; butcher shops: OR=9.17, CI=1.15–73.239), job related training (abattoir: OR=5.50, CI=1.065–28.416), contamination risk perception (abattoir: OR=5.31, CI=1.256–22.489), neatness of knives (abattoir: OR=7.6, CI=0.892–65.376), source of contamination (abattoir: OR=8.44, CI=1.682–42.39), wearing of protective cloth (butcher shops: OR=8.44, CI=1.682–42.39), manner of hand washing (butcher shops: OR=7.25, CI=1.210–43.442), and money handling (butcher shops: OR= 9.69, CI=1.578–59.474) were among the potential risk factors significantly associated with Salmonella carcass contamination in the abattoir and butcher shops. Of the 33 Salmonella isolates, 14 (58.3%) and six (66.7%) of the abattoir and butcher shops isolates, correspondingly, were resistant to two or more antibiotics. Conclusion The finding of this investigation exhibited extensive multidrug-resistant Salmonella isolates in the study setting. Hence, establishing standard meat safety requirements and provision of training for meat handlers and prudent use of antimicrobials are recommended.

Prevalence and Antimicrobial-Susceptibility Profiles of Salmonella in Smallhold Broiler Supply Chains in Central Ethiopia

“…Resistance against kanamycin, sulfadimethoxine-trimethoprim, tetracycline, nalidixic acid, and chloramphenicol reported in this study is consistent with others. 40,41 Antimicrobial resistance in Salmonella isolated from various livestock and products have been reported in Ethiopia 15,16,42,43 and elsewhere in the world, 44 suggesting the global occurrence of resistance. Continued use of the same antimicrobials could exert selection pressure on resistant bacteria, favoring their global distribution.…”

“…12 Studies have revealed widespread occurrence of Salmonella in chicken, cattle, camels, sheep, goats, humans, foodstuffs, and the environment. 13,14 Resistance to various antimicrobials has been reported in Salmonella isolated from beef 15 and milk. 16 Since broiler meat is the secondmost popular meat in the world, accounting for around 36% of total meat production, 17 there is a dire need to develop better understanding and assist poultry stakeholders to reduce Salmonella and delay development of resistance to antimicrobials.…”

High Levels of Multidrug-Resistant and Beta-Lactamase-Producing Bacteria in Meat and Meat Contact Surfaces, Debre Berhan Town, Ethiopia

“…Infection rates with Salmonella spp. isolated from raw meat were found to be high in Jimma, south-western Ethiopia 42 Gondar, Ethiopia 43 and Wolaita Sodo, southern Ethiopia. 44 A similar investigation in Jimma found a significant incidence of E. coli and multidrug-resistant (MDR) E. coli O157:H7 in slaughterhouse and butcher meat.…”

Foodborne Pathogens and Antimicrobial Resistance in Ethiopia: An Urgent Call for Action on “One Health”

“…In addition, underreporting of cases and the prevalence of other diseases considered high priority may mask the problem of foodborne infections. 59 A study in Jimma, South West Ethiopia, 60 Gondar, Ethiopia 61 and Wolita Sodo, South Ethiopia 62 showed high carriage rates of Salmonella spp., isolated from raw beef. The same study, conducted in the same area, showed high rates of E. coli and multidrug resistant (MDR) E. coli O157:H7 in meat from abattoirs and butchers.…”