Carpooling with heterogeneous users in the bottleneck model

Abstract

We investigate the effects of carpooling in a dynamic equilibrium model of congestion, which captures various dimensions of heterogeneity: heterogeneity in the preference for and cost of carpooling, heterogeneity in values of time and values of schedule delay. We investigate various policy scenarios: no-toll, first-best pricing, and subsidization of carpooling. The optimally differentiated subsidy equals each type of users' marginal external benefit (MEB) of switching to m-person carpooling or carpooling, which turns out to be heterogeneous for "ratio heterogeneity", where the ratios of the values of time and schedule delay vary, and homogeneous for "proportional heterogeneity", where these values vary in fixed proportion over the population. If such differentiation over users is impossible, the subsidy is a weighted average of the MEB's, with the weights reflecting the relative sensitivity of the group size of carpoolers to the subsidy. Using a numerical example, we investigate the welfare effects and distributional effects of different policies. The relative efficiency of the differentiated subsidization first increases and then falls with the degree of ratio heterogeneity, and decreases over the entire parameter range and more with the degree of proportional heterogeneity.

Temporal-spatial allocation of bottleneck capacity for managing morning commute with carpool

“…Furthermore, the sign and magnitude of extra carpool cost may vary considerably across individuals. Accordingly, it is of interest to integrate user heterogeneity into the temporal-spatial capacity allocation problem for managing morning commute with carpool (Chen et al, 2015;Wu and Huang, 2015;Liu and Nie, 2017;Yu et al, 2019).…”

Carpooling in Connected and Autonomous Vehicles: Current Solutions and Future Directions

“…Implementation issue and performance validation not reported, ixed destination location Destination location can change as per user requirements [195] Efects of carpooling in a dynamic equilibrium model of congestion Ignored alternative transport, elastic demand, and route choice Interactions among multiple origin-destination pairs may be modeled in a network setting, consider commuters with continuous heterogeneity, public transit mode to be added to examine a multi-modes transportation system [29] Dynamic Carpooling Optimization System (DyCOS)…”

“…This novel methodology relies on a distributed dynamic graph model established on the subdivision approach for addressing the distributed optimized and real-time carpooling requests [153]. Yu et al [195] researched the efects of carpooling on the dynamic equilibrium model of carpooling, which captures the diferent aspects of diversity and diferent policy scenarios for the smooth implementation of the carpooling distribution of carpooling's personal preferences, and the diversity of values and the time delay.…”

Impacts of Metering-Based Dynamic Priority Schemes

“…Assumption 4 ensures that carpoolers choose their departure times as if they were traveling on their own, as also assumed by Yu, van den Berg, and Verhoef (2019). Although the bargaining process that would normally lead to the choice of departure time among users with heterogeneous preferences certainly has important consequences (see e.g.…”